“…Humanists and social scientists studying vaccination have further shown that vaccine refusals and reservations are often informed by layered historical and social contexts that have little to do with one's understanding of science or perceptions of a specific vaccine. These contexts include deep uneasiness with medicine's entanglement with big business and government (Charles, 2021;Hausman, 2019), environmental anxieties about toxicity of everyday products (Conis, 2014;Hausman, 2019;Kolodziejski, 2020), alternative understandings of health, illness, immunity, and community responsibility (Hausman, 2017(Hausman, , 2019Lawrence et al, 2014), experiences of medical racism and discrimination (Campeau, 2019;Charles, 2018Charles, , 2021Goldenberg, 2021); concerns about medicalization and biomedical subjecthood (Hausman, 2019), and responses to the often-gendered pressures that responsible patients and parents conduct their own research and make informed decisions about their own, personalized health needs (Campeau, 2022;Carrion, 2018;Hausman, 2019;Kolodziejski, 2020;Malkowski, 2014;Reich, 2014Reich, , 2016Sobo et al, 2016). Table 1 provides an overview of findings from scholarship in rhetoric and writing studies about the causes and contexts of vaccine hesitancy.…”