HPV genotype prevalence and distribution during 2009–2018 in Xinjiang, China: baseline surveys prior to mass HPV vaccination

Abstract

Background The aim of this paper was to conduct a baseline survey of HPV infection in unvaccinated women in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region before the mass use of HPV vaccine. Methods Between 2008 and 2018, the HPV genotype detected by a PCR-based hybridization gene chip assay of 37,722 women who were from Gynecology Department and Health Management Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University were tested HPV genotype by a PCR-based hybridization gene chip assay. All statistical analysis methods were performed with this statistical software including Python version 3.6.1, R Software 3.5.1 and Excel 2011. Results The total positive rate for HPV was 14.02%, the most prevalent genotypes were HPV 16 (3.79%), HPV 52 (2.47%), HPV 58 (1.76%), HPV 53 (1.35%) and HPV 31 (0.72%). The single infection (11.34%) and high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) infection (9.72%) was the main prevalence of HPV. Age-specific HPV distribution was presented as a bimodal curve, while the youngest age group (≤25 years) presented the highest HPV infection rate (20.78%), which was followed by a second peak for the 36–40 age group. According to the ethnic stratification, the HPV infection prevalence ranging from the high to low was: Mongol (16.36%), Hui (15.15%), Kazak (14.47%), Han (14.43%), Other (14.37%), Uygher (10.96%). From 2009 to 2013, the HPV infection rate fluctuated but did not changed much. It peaked in 2014 and then fell significantly, reached the bottom point in 2017 and rose slightly in 2018. In 2015, the infection rate of HPVl6 and 52 in the population was almost the same (both 3.40%) the infection rate of HPV52 type (3.31%) was higher than that of HPVl6 type (2.18%) and became the dominant type in 2016. Conclusions We present data regarding the prevalence and type distribution of HPV infection, which could serve as the valuable reference to guide nationwide cervical cancer screening. These baseline data enable the estimates of maximum HPV vaccine impact across time and provide critical reference measurements which are important to the assess of clinical benefits and potential harms in HPV vaccination and the increase in non-vaccine HPV types.

Overview: Epidemiological Characteristics of HPV in Uzbekistan.

“…The highest prevalence (occurrence) of the HPV virus was found in the age group of 30-34 years -31.5%. This contrasts with published data around the world, which indicates that all the same, the majority of cases of HPV detection occur in the age of 25 years [9,10,13,16]. This shows the country feature of the manifestation of the epidemiology of HPV in Uzbekistan.…”

“…Numerous studies show that the presence of sexually transmitted diseases is a contributing factor in the infection of other sexually transmitted infections [11,13,14]. In this regard, we examined the possible relationship between the levels of spread of various sexually transmitted infections and the prevalence of HPV infection.…”

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Uptake and the Willingness to Receive the HPV Vaccination among Female College Students in China: A Multicenter Study

“…This highlights the need to promote HPV vaccination among younger age college students by informing them of the importance of early protection against HPV infections. It is important to inform them of recent evidence indicating that young women in China aged 25 and below presented the highest HPV infection rate [15]. They should also be aware that protection against HPV infections by vaccination is extremely important because mounting evidence shows that sexual intercourse among young undergraduate students in China is prevalent [28,29] and that consistent condom use is reported by only slightly over half of the students with sexual experience [29].…”

“…One possible tactic for raising the perception of susceptibility among young people is to raise their awareness of the high degree of infectiousness of HPV in China. It is of the utmost importance to inform young college women about recent data showing the high prevalence of HPV among women in China [13,14], and most importantly that young women are the group with the highest HPV infection rate [15].…”

Prevalence and genotype distribution of HPV and cervical pathological results in Sichuan Province, China: a three years surveys prior to mass HPV vaccination

“…The HPV infection prevalence vary considerably from geographically to populations. Globally, the highest HPV infection rate is Sub-Saharan (25.6%), South America (14.3%), Asia (8.7%), Europe (5.2%) of women with normal cytology, [6].Even within a country, the HPV infection rate varies., It is 28.4% in northeast china, 20.16% in south China and 14.2% in northwest China [13][14][15]. The prevalence of neighboring southwest provinces is 26.2% in Chonqing, 16.95% in Guizhou, 12.9% in Yunnan [16][17][18].…”