HPLC Determination of Cyanuric Acid in Swimming Pool Waters Using Phenyl and Confirmatory Porous Graphitic Carbon Columns

Abstract

The chlorinated salts of cyanuric acid have found an important role in recreational swimming pool waters across the United States. Upon application to pool water, they can (1) release disinfectant chlorine or (2) stabilize the free available chlorine by acting as chlorine reservoirs in the form of cyanuric acid, preventing the photolytic destruction of residual chlorine by sunlight. Recommended levels of the cyanuric acid stabilizer are in the 10-100 mg/L concentration range according to the National Swimming Pool Foundation (San Antonio, TX). Two isocratic HPLC methods with UV detection (213 nm) employing phenyl and porous graphitic carbon (PGC) columns and phosphate buffer eluents (pH 6.7 and pH 9.1, respectively) were developed to accurately measure cyanuric acid in swimming pools. The two methods allowed fast separation and detection of the stabilizer in 4 (phenyl) and 8 (PGC) min. Both methods offered practical sensitivities with method detection limits of 0.07 (phenyl) and 0.02 mg/L (PGC). Neither one of the two methods required the use of sample cleanup cartridges. They exhibit chromatograms with excellent baseline stability enabling low-level quantitation. Most important, the PGC column had a useful lifetime of five months and 500 sample analyses/column. Eleven pool water samples were fortified with 4.8-50.0 mg/L stabilizer, and the average recovery was 99.8%. Finally, statistical analysis on the relative precisions of the two methods indicated equivalence at the 0.05 critical level.

A new, validated HPLC‐MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of the anti‐cancer agent capecitabine and its metabolites: 5′‐deoxy‐5‐fluorocytidine, 5′‐deoxy‐5‐fluorouridine, 5‐fluorouracil and 5‐fluorodihydrouracil, in human plasma

“…The ability of this graphitic material to retain small polar molecules is superior to that of silica-based sorbents (Gamelin et al, 1998;Fleming et al, 1993;Remaud et al, 2005;Ayrton et al, 1995;Gu and Lim, 1990;Cantu et al, 2001;Mazan et al, 2002;Gaudin et al, 2002;Jackson and Carr, 2002;Hanai, 2003;Antonio et al, 2007;Pereira et al, 2007;Merelli et al, 2007;Tachon et al, 2007;Xia et al, 2006;Roy et al, 2006;Bohnstedt et al, 2005;Reepmeyer et al, 2005;Xing et al, 2004;Thiebaut et al, 2006;Vial et al, 2001;Lepont et al, 2001;Holmgren et al, 2005). Moreover, porous graphitic carbon proved to be chemically and pH stable, and an inert stationary phase.…”

Determination of Cyanuric Acid in Milk Powder by Anion-exchange Chromatography

“…Several methods have been reported for the analysis of CA in swimming pool water, such as gas chromatography (GC), 6 gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), 7 liquid chromatography (LC), 1,3,8 liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) [9][10][11][12][13] and ion-pair LC. 14 There has been no report about the determination of CA by ion chromatography (IC).…”

On the Origins of Cyanuric Acid Hydrolase: Purification, Substrates, and Prevalence of AtzD from Pseudomonas sp. Strain ADP

“…Since that time, billions of pounds of s-triazine herbicides have been manufactured and applied to soils. Additionally, cyanuric acid is generated in significant quantities from the decomposition of dichloro-and trichloroisocyanuric acids, which are used as chlorinating agents in swimming pools (4,11). There has also been some input of synthetic cyanuric acid into soil as a slow-release fertilizer (1).…”