HPLC analysis of recombinant botulinum neurotoxins: Expanding the analytic toolbox

Rapid and Sensitive Nano-Immunosensors for Botulinum

“…Early detection of BoNTs in patients or the food processing industry is vital because botulinum is a rare but highly fatal pathogen. While conventional detection approaches, including high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and colorimetric Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assays (ELISAs), , have been developed, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) maintains that mouse lethality assay is the gold standard of BoNT detection. , Unfortunately, mouse assay requires 7–14 days to complete, is expensive, and has sparked ethical controversy. Other methods require tedious processes.…”