Hox Genes and Limb Musculoskeletal Development

Pineault, Kyriel M.; Wellik, Deneen M.

doi:10.1007/s11914-014-0241-0

Cited by 58 publications

(66 citation statements)

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“…This includes specification of positional identity in the axial and appendicular skeleton [97]. Most HOX genes are expressed in SSCs and perichondrium cells, and not in differentiated chondrocytes [98]. Their inactivation causes agenesis or homeosis of specific structures.…”

Section: Helix-turn-helix Transcription Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptional control of chondrocyte specification and differentiation

Liu

Samsa

Zhou

et al. 2017

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology

141

112

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A milestone in the evolutionary emergence of vertebrates was the invention of cartilage, a tissue that has key roles in modeling, protecting and complementing the bony skeleton. Cartilage is elaborated and maintained by chondrocytes. These cells derive from multipotent skeletal progenitors and they perform highly specialized functions as they proceed through sequential lineage commitment and differentiation steps. They form cartilage primordia, the primary skeleton of the embryo. They then transform these primordia either into cartilage growth plates, temporary drivers of skeletal elongation and endochondral ossification, or into permanent tissues, namely articular cartilage. Chondrocyte fate decisions and differentiated activities are controlled by numerous extrinsic and intrinsic cues, and they are implemented at the gene expression level by transcription factors. The latter are the focus of this review. Meritorious efforts from many research groups have led over the last two decades to the identification of dozens of key chondrogenic transcription factors. These regulators belong to all types of transcription factor families. Some have master roles at one or several differentiation steps. They include SOX9 and RUNX2/3. Others decisively assist or antagonize the activities of these masters. They include TWIST1, SOX5/6, and MEF2C/D. Many more have tissue-patterning roles and regulate cell survival, proliferation and the pace of cell differentiation. They include, but are not limited to, homeodomain-containing proteins and growth factor signaling mediators. We here review current knowledge of all these factors, one superclass, class, and family at a time. We then compile all knowledge into transcriptional networks. We also identify remaining gaps in knowledge and directions for future research to fill these gaps and thereby provide novel insights into cartilage disease mechanisms and treatment options.

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Section: Helix-turn-helix Transcription Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptional control of chondrocyte specification and differentiation

Liu

Samsa

Zhou

et al. 2017

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology

141

112

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“…Cada esbozo está constituido por tejido mesenquimal del mesodermo lateral somático, y revestido de una capa de células epiteliales ectodérmicas, en cuyo extremo se observa un engrosamiento, denominado cresta ectodérmica apical (CEA) (Fig. 8) (Antonelli et al, 2012;Carlson, 2014;Pineault & Wellik, 2014). …”

Section: Diferenciación Del Sistema Nerviosounclassified

Transitando de Embrión a Feto: La Metamorfosis de los Cordados

et al. 2018

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SMOK, C.; ROA, I.; PRIETO, R. & ROJAS, M.Transitando de embrión a feto: la metamorfosis de los cordados. Int. J. Morphol., 36(2):709-715, 2018. RESUMEN:Durante el período del desarrollo conocido como prefetal, el embrión cambia sus características ictiomórficas comunes a todos los vertebrados y adquiere gradualmente las formas propias de la especie que representa. Durante este período se forma la cara, involucionan los arcos faríngeos (branquiales) formándose el cuello, y aparecen los miembros. Se constituye, además, la hernia umbilical fisiológica, que consiste en la presencia de asas intestinales dentro del cordón umbilical. El sistema nervioso origina las vesículas telencefálicas, el diencéfalo, mesencéfalo, metencéfalo, y mielencéfalo. Este periodo corresponde a una etapa de máxima susceptibilidad ante los teratógenos que pueden generar malformaciones en todas las especies animales. El objetivo del presente trabajo es presentar los principales eventos acontecidos durante el periodo prefetal, además de una visión y opinión de los autores, proponiendo una nueva denominación a la etapa: periodo metamórfico.PALABRAS CLAVE: Embrión; Prefetal; Organogénesis; Período metamórfico. INTRODUCCIÓNDurante el estado filotípico de los embriones (en el cual todos los vertebrados son similares), es difícil reconocer la especie a la cual pertenecen (Wolpert, 2009). A medida que avanzan en el desarrollo, estos experimentan profundos cambios involucrandose forma y función. El térmi-no internacionalmente utilizado para este periodo es prefetal, extendiéndose desde los 36 a 56 días; otro término utilizado es el de organogénesis. Según O´Rahilly & Müller (2001) en la especie humana este período corresponde a las etapas Carnegie 13-23. Por otra parte el nombre metamórfico (del griego µετα (meta, 'cambio') y µορφη (morph, 'forma'), ha sido propuesto con el fin de explicar la serie de cambios de forma que sufre el embrión durante su desarrollo y hacen posible reconocer su especie.Este periodo es considerado esencial, crítico durante el desarrollo y organogénesis, debido a que en esta etapa continúa la diferenciación de los órganos que comenzaron a formarse durante el periodo somítico, y además se forman nuevos esbozos, y por ello puede ser alterada por agentes teratogénicos (Rojas & Walker, 2012). En la especie humana se sabe que el alcohol y nicotina, drogas como la cocaí-na, fármacos como anticonceptivos orales que contienen progestágenos y estrógenos, ácido retinoico en grandes dosis, cafeína, alimentos o agua contaminada con residuos industriales como mercurio orgánico o bifenilos policlorinados pueden actuar como agentes teratogénicos (Holmes, 2011).El objetivo del presente trabajo es presentar los principales eventos acontecidos durante el periodo prefetal, además de una visión y opinión de los autores, proponiendo una nueva denominación a la etapa: período metamórfico.Principales Eventos del Período Prefetal o Metamórfi-co. Los embriones de los cordados empiezan a diferenciar sus características externas después del período s...

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“…HOX genes are a conserved family of developmental transcription factors that elicit specific developmental programs along the head-to-tail axis of animals (96). For example, IncRNA genes in the 5ˊ HOXA and HOXD clusters are known to regulate limb and spine growth and patterning (97–100).…”

Section: Incrnas Regulating Chondrocyte Differentiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging roles for long noncoding RNAs in skeletal biology and disease

Huynh

Anderson

Guilak

et al. 2016

Connective Tissue Research

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Normal skeletal development requires tight coordination of transcriptional networks, signaling pathways, and biomechanical cues, and many of these pathways are dysregulated in pathological conditions affecting cartilage and bone. Recently, a significant role has been identified for long noncoding RNAs (IncRNAs) in developing and maintaining cellular phenotypes, and improvements in sequencing technologies have led to the identification of thousands of IncRNAs across diverse cell types, including the cells within cartilage and bone. It is clear that IncRNAs play critical roles in regulating gene expression. For example, they can function as epigenetic regulators in the nucleus via chromatin modulation to control gene transcription, or in the cytoplasm, where they can function as scaffolds for protein-binding partners or modulate the activity of other coding and noncoding RNAs. In this review, we discuss the growing list of IncRNAs involved in normal development and/or homeostasis of the skeletal system, the potential mechanisms by which these IncRNAs might function, and recent improvements in the methodologies available to study IncRNA functions in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we address the likely utility of IncRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for diseases of the skeletal system, including osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and in cancers of the skeletal system.

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Hox Genes and Limb Musculoskeletal Development

Cited by 58 publications

References 58 publications

Transcriptional control of chondrocyte specification and differentiation

Transcriptional control of chondrocyte specification and differentiation

Transitando de Embrión a Feto: La Metamorfosis de los Cordados

Emerging roles for long noncoding RNAs in skeletal biology and disease

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