“…Several studies show how MPs-including those of the opposition-use PQs strategically, for instance by signalling policy disagreement with a minister's policies, by trying to reveal disunity and conflicts among coalition partners, or by raising attention to one's own policy priorities (Otjes & Louwerse, 2018;Vliegenthart & Walgrave, 2011;Whitaker & Martin, 2021). However, simultaneously, substantial literature suggests that there are gendered legislative styles: Female politicians often tend to be more collaborative and consensus-seeking than their male counterparts, whereas men are more likely to have individualistic, competitive, and conflictual approaches (Barnes, 2016;Eagly, 1987;Krauss & Kroeber, 2021;Volden et al, 2013). This article argues that such nonconfrontational political styles might also come forward in female MPs' opposition behavior, and more specifically in their use of PQs.…”