How 'unused' codewords make a redundant code

Rocchi, Paolo

doi:10.1145/1233341.1233415

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Factually a single system may include multiple forms of redundancyredundancy of circuits, of information and mechanical componentsdesigners are required to relate and balance various redundant components in order to optimize the overall systems, but a rigorous method is missing so far. The present frame yields a simplified mode to calculate heterogeneous redundant resources which is consistent with the calculus of redundancy devised by Shannon, the proof is in Rocchi (2007).…”

Section: Fall-out 41 Mathematical Developmentssupporting

confidence: 57%

What information to measure? How to measure it?

Rocchi

2016

Kybernetes

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Purpose – Thinkers are still debating about the concept of information while engineers prepare astonishing digital appliances. The purpose of this paper is to address the following questions: what concepts do experts adopt in the working environment? What information do they measure? What can be done to help them? Design/methodology/approach – This paper offers a concise report of the researches driven on the problem of the information definition. The report consists of three principal sections. The first section is twofold. On one hand, there are comments on the various information theories; on the other hand, the semiotics concepts (that engineers and professionals use in intuitive manner) are illustrated. Findings – In consequence of the popularity of the semiotic notions – in the second section – the authors define the concept of signifier using the mathematical language, and discuss some features of this mathematical definition. Practical implications – The third section closes the paper with the illustration of some advantages that the mathematical definition of the signifier offers on the practical plane and from the philosophical perspective. Social implications – The ensemble of those advantages provides a bridge between the humanist culture and digital engineering. Originality/value – The theoretical studies on the concept of information seem to be at a standstill. This paper shows how the measurement of the items of information is handy; and various equations can be unified into a comprehensive frame that facilitates the collaboration of experts coming from different areas.

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Section: Fall-out 41 Mathematical Developmentssupporting

confidence: 57%

What information to measure? How to measure it?

Rocchi

2016

Kybernetes

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“…• one composed of 400 images used to build the statistic distribution of the 2 16 binary strings from which to select the 25,589 having the highest probabilities;…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the t u possible sequences r = t u − 2 n of them will be unused and considered illegal in the normal encodings seen so far (e.g., References 3-5). The redundancy 16 induced by the r sequences is exploited in the framework 6 to reversibly embed watermark bits in the stream of symbols from Ψ making use of illegal sequences.…”

Section: Original Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The remaining 91,125 − 65,536 = 25,589 sequences of three Base45 symbols are unused. Thus, the idea proposed in Reference 6 is to build a one-to-one mapping 𝜑 between the set of unused symbols W (having cardinality 25,589) and a set V (also having cardinality 25,589) of symbols chosen among those used to represent the 216 binary strings. The Map 2 of Reference 6 defines the set V as the first 25,589 sequences of three Base45 symbols.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Improving data embedding capacity into Base45 encoded strings

Botta

Cavagnino

2023

Engineering Reports

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In the context of data hiding reversible embedding of information into printable string encoded data may provide a solution to store extra bits for various applications. A previous work demonstrated how to leverage the unused configurations for Base45 and Base85 encodings to store data into files and QR‐codes. In this paper we show that adapting the encoding to the byte distribution statistics of various data and file types significantly improves the payload for Base45 encoded data like QR‐codes.

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“…The passive redundancy (i.e., the number of sequences of s symbols from Ψ not representing any binary string of length n) of this encoding according to [20] is:…”

Section: The Proposed Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Framework for Reversible Data Embedding into Base45 and Other Non-Base64 Encoded Strings

Botta

Cavagnino

2021

Applied Sciences

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Printable string encodings are widely used in several applications that cannot deal with binary data, the most known example being the mail system. In this paper, we investigate the potential of some of the proposed encodings to hide and carry extra information. We describe a framework for reversibly embedding data in printable string encodings, like Base45. The method leverages the characteristic of some encodings that are not surjective by using illegal configurations to embed one bit of information. With the assumption of uniformly distributed binary input data, an estimation of the expected payload can be computed easily. Results are reported for Base45 and Base85 encodings.

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How 'unused' codewords make a redundant code

Cited by 3 publications

References 4 publications

What information to measure? How to measure it?

What information to measure? How to measure it?

Improving data embedding capacity into Base45 encoded strings

A Framework for Reversible Data Embedding into Base45 and Other Non-Base64 Encoded Strings

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