How to turn off a lava lake? A petrological investigation of the 2018 intra-caldera and submarine eruptions of Ambrym volcano

Abstract

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Investigating Phases of Thermal Unrest at Ambrym (Vanuatu) Volcano through the Normalized Hot Spot Indices Tool and the Integration with the MIROVA System

“…Moreover, on 25 November (i.e., corresponding with the peak of TSR1), the index increased in a more prominent way at the Marum crater (max NHISWNIR = 0.78) rather than the Benbow (max NHISWNIR = 0.64) crater, despite similarly extended cloud coverage (≈6% of cloudy pixels). This was estimated using the Sentinel Hub EO Browser [22].…”

Magma Decompression Rate Calculations With EMBER: A User‐Friendly Software to Model Diffusion of H2O, CO2, and S in Melt Embayments

“…We reanalyzed the natural volatile diffusion profiles in embayments from previous studies, to assess the quality of EMBER's decompression rate calculation: from the 1980 Mt St Helens (Humphreys et al., 2008), 1974 Fuego (Lloyd et al., 2014), 1500, 1650 and 1959 Kīlauea (Ferguson et al., 2016), 27 ka Taupo (Myers et al., 2018), 767 ka Long Valley (Myers et al., 2018), 2 Ma Yellowstone (Myers et al., 2018), 2017–2018 Ambae/Aoba (Moussallam et al., 2019), Late Bronze Age Santorini (Myers et al., 2021), and December 2018 Ambrym (Moussallam et al., 2021) eruptions. We used the uncertainties reported in each study when provided.…”

“…% respectively for IkiE1, ReticE1, ReticE2, and KeaE1 (Ferguson et al., 2016), M 0 = 0.4, 0, 0, 3.2 wt. % respectively for AF2, AD5, AE38, and PG11 (Moussallam et al., 2021), and M 0 = 0 wt. % for all embayments from Ambae (Moussallam et al., 2019).…”

“…Volatile element diffusion in embayments can be regarded as a 1D process, because of their elongated, tubelike geometries, and the incompatibility of the elements in their mineral host (Ferguson et al, 2016;Humphreys et al, 2008;Liu et al, 2007;Lloyd et al, 2014;Moussallam et al, 2019Moussallam et al, , 2021Myers et al, 2018Myers et al, , 2021Newcombe et al, 2020). While this is a commonly accepted assumption, further studies are needed to assess the impacts of the three-dimensional shape of embayments to volatiles diffusion (deGraffenried & Shea, 2020).…”

“…One of the most recent model is tuned to intermediate magma compositions, contains a specific S solubility relation and a general H 2 O diffusion coefficient relation for intermediate magma, and looks for the decompression rate and initial pressure (Newcombe et al., 2020). The latest model to date is written in Matlab and uses grid searches to find decompression rate, initial concentration of H 2 O and S and exsolved gas content (Moussallam et al., 2021).…”