How to Read The Wealth of Nations (or Why the Division of Labor Is More Important Than Competition in Adam Smith)

Abstract

How to Read The Wealth of Nations (or why the division of labor is more important than competition in Adam Smith) This article challenges the idea that competition was central to Adam Smith's thinking by scrutinizing the concept's role in Smith's work, particularly The Wealth of Nations. We will understand Smith's perspective better if we avoid reading later developments of the concept, particularly in economics, back into Smith's times and writings. Conversely, I argue that the division of labor is the governing idea providing the basic organizational structure of WN. Clarifying (and demoting) the role of competition in Smith's thinking requires showing the centrality of the idea of the division of labor-the idea doing the major analytic work in his thinking. The argument contributes to recent reassessments of the scope and significance of Smith's social theory, and strengthens the view that his approach has more in common with historical and political sociology than economics as currently configured. How to Read WN 2 How to Read The Wealth of Nations (or why the division of labor is more important than competition in Adam Smith) Adam Smith is often treated as the origin of our modern concept of competition (e.g. Stigler 1957, McNulty, 1967, Richardson 1975, Bradley 2010). But this is an inaccurate representation, both of Smith's concerns and of the history of the idea. This article scrutinizes the concept of competition as it occurs in Smith's work, especially The Wealth of Nations (1981[1776], WN hereafter). It argues that while the concept is certainly present and plays a role there, we will understand Smith's perspective, and the nature of the concept we have inherited, better if we avoid reading later developments of the concept, particularly in economics, back into Smith's times and writings.

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