How to Measure in the Near Field and in the Far Field

Dlugosz, Tomasz; Trzaska, Hubert

doi:10.4236/cn.2010.21010

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 4 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…The boundary between the near and far zones can be determined on the basis of a simple relation by Eq. (1) [16][17][18][19][20]:…”

Section: Finding the Border Between The Near And The Far Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the authors' opinion, the near field exists wherever we perform measurements. This is the result of comprehensive experience and applies to measurements in urban BS sites, where there may be multipath propagation, as well as interference and reflections [16][17][18][19]. There is a need for caution, even when measuring in the far field, where the directional antennas may "fail to capture" all sent rays.…”

Section: Finding the Border Between The Near And The Far Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first factor that influences the accuracy of the measurement is the error of creating a model EMW, which is between 5% and 10% [18]. Detailed accuracy analysis of a model EMW performed with dipole, frame, and tube antennas, as well as model transverse electromagnetics (TEM), can be found in the literature [16,17,20,21].…”

Section: Emr Measurement Accuracymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is basically an error that is made by the person performing the measurement. Different people performing measurements will get different results [18]. Therefore, the human factor contributes to a large error, but unfortunately it is not under consideration when drawing up results.…”

Section: Emr Measurement Accuracymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Electromagnetic radiation exposure of multioperator co-sited urban base stations

Uluaydin¹,

Dlugosz²,

Şeker³

2019

Turk J Elec Eng & Comp Sci

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Mobile network operators (MNOs) concurrently use different generations of wireless technologies. The base stations (BSs) of different technology generations are co-located in order to decrease operational costs. Furthermore, the MNOs cooperate in order to co-site their base stations. Such an urban site includes more than 25 actively radiating antennas on average with different frequencies and modulations. Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) measurements performed in such an environment may have reduced accuracy. In this paper, the authors propose a new approach for the measurement of EMR in multiple mobile technology interwoven urban BS sites, where more than one operator exists. The maintenance activities are also investigated with their frequency of occurrence and their duration for EMR exposure assessment and the statistics are reported for the first time in academia. On sampling the signal strength and radiation in different positions for the tested urban sites, electrical field strengths as high as 90 V/m were observed. The results are classified according to frequency bands and possible technologies. The probable bioelectromagnetic effects of such EMR exposure on maintenance workers are discussed with the provision of statistical data of co-located BSs and their maintenance activities. A new occupational EMR exposure risk assessment approach is proposed by taking into consideration the massive multiinput multioutput (MIMO) antenna technology.

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“…The boundary between the near and far zones can be determined on the basis of a simple relation by Eq. (1) [16][17][18][19][20]:…”

Section: Finding the Border Between The Near And The Far Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Finding the Border Between The Near And The Far Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Emr Measurement Accuracymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Emr Measurement Accuracymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Electromagnetic radiation exposure of multioperator co-sited urban base stations

Uluaydin¹,

Dlugosz²,

Şeker³

2019

Turk J Elec Eng & Comp Sci

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“…It leads to specific requirements addressed to the metrology when compared, for instance, with the far-field metrology (Dlugosz and Trzaska 2010). Moreover, apart from technical decisions, taken on the ground of the results of measurements, the legal ones are taken very often.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-stationary electromagnetic field measurements accuracy improvement

Dlugosz

Trzaska

2011

Environmentalist

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Electromagnetic field (EMF) measurements, for labor safety and environment protection purposes, are performed in the near-field. Inaccuracy of the far-field EMF measurements oscillates around ±1 dB or bit worse; in the near-field measurements, errors at the level of ±6 dB must be sometimes accepted. In the case of non-stationary EMF measurements, their sense may be changed from quantitative to qualitative ones. In order to make it possible an estimation of the non-stationary EMF measurement accuracy, it is proposed new method of the meters calibration. The method is based upon a standard excitation with identical signal as the measured one. A set for the purpose includes a pulse generator (of frequency and pulse rating identical with the radiation source) and computer-controlled amplitude modulator that reflects the radiation pattern of an antenna (e.g. radar one) and its rotations. Contrary to calibration using monochromatic continuous wave (CW) excitation, proposed method should be repeated for any radiation source. The disadvantage is compensated by a possibility to estimate (additional) error of the method. Calculations show it at the level of 10%.

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Limitations of using electro-optical probes for the measurement of the electromagnetic field emitted by the new generations of wireless communication devices

Sârbu

Bechet

Miclăuș

2022

IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.

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The rapid evolution of communication standards caused a paradigm shift in electromagnetic field (EMF) measurement campaigns, as exposure is more likely to take place in the proximity of the device. With the increased spatial variability of EMF exposure, electro-optical (EO) technology stands out as a promising alternative to conventional near field measurement instrumentation due to their miniature sizes and dielectric structure that does not interfere with the measured field. Motivated by the recent progress in the EO sensing technology, it is this article purpose to quantify the limitations of using a set of commercially available EO probes for measurement of EMF emitted by an IEEE 802.11ax router and a VoLTE mobile phone. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to characterize the capabilities of this emerging sensing technology for EMF exposure assessment in real world communication situations. Present findings suggest that the sensitivity of the investigated EO probes is insufficient for measuring broadband signals at field levels that characterize state-of-the-art communication devices used by the public in common usage scenarios. This work also documents the EO probes suitability and response with respect to frequency, electric field strength and signal bandwidth.

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How to Measure in the Near Field and in the Far Field

Cited by 7 publications

References 4 publications

Electromagnetic radiation exposure of multioperator co-sited urban base stations

Electromagnetic radiation exposure of multioperator co-sited urban base stations

Non-stationary electromagnetic field measurements accuracy improvement

Limitations of using electro-optical probes for the measurement of the electromagnetic field emitted by the new generations of wireless communication devices

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