How to evaluate the risk-benefit ratio of the low-dose hormone replacement therapy?

Rozenbaum, H

doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.09.013

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Two additional trials – the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS; Hulley et al, 1998) and the estrogen replacement and atherosclerosis trial (ERA; Lakoski et al, 2005) also failed to show the protective effects of HRT in the cardiovascular system. The clinical implications of these studies are controversial and it has been suggested that perhaps lower doses of hormones and/or beginning HRT near the onset of menopause rather than years afterward may reduce the risks of HRT (Rozenbaum, 2006). Alternatively, estrogens may have protective effects earlier in life and may not be able to be used to treat cardiovascular disease.…”

Section: E2 In the Cardiovascular System And Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue-Specific Effects of Loss of Estrogen during Menopause and Aging

Wend¹,

Wend²,

Krum³

2012

Front. Endocrin.

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The roles of estrogens have been best studied in the breast, breast cancers, and in the female reproductive tract. However, estrogens have important functions in almost every tissue in the body. Recent clinical trials such as the Women’s Health Initiative have highlighted both the importance of estrogens and how little we know about the molecular mechanism of estrogens in these other tissues. In this review, we illustrate the diverse functions of estrogens in the bone, adipose tissue, skin, hair, brain, skeletal muscle and cardiovascular system, and how the loss of estrogens during aging affects these tissues. Early transcriptional targets of estrogen are reviewed in each tissue. We also describe the tissue-specific effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) used for the treatment of breast cancers and postmenopausal symptoms.

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Section: E2 In the Cardiovascular System And Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue-Specific Effects of Loss of Estrogen during Menopause and Aging

Wend¹,

Wend²,

Krum³

2012

Front. Endocrin.

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“…Furthermore, estrogen pharmacokinetics varies among individuals. The practice of prescribing standard doses of estrogen may cause some women to be under treated, preventing them from receiving maximal benefit, whereas others may be overtreated (Rozenbaum, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevention of Osteoporosis in Mice after Ovariectomy via Allograft of Microencapsulated Ovarian Cells

Guo

Zhou

et al. 2010

The Anatomical Record

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It is believed that estrogen deficiency is one of the major risk factors associated with osteoporosis. To investigate the effects of the transplantation of microencapsulated ovarian cells in estrogen-deficient mice, ovarian cells from female Kunming (KM) mice (6-weeks old) were separated, cultured, and microencapsulated with alginic acid-polylysine-alginic acid. Female KM mice (8-weeks old) were randomly separated into three groups: intact (normal), ovariectomized (OVX), and treatment (OVXþ implantation). Microencapsulated ovarian cells were found to secrete estrogen at normal levels in vitro. Ninety days after transplantation, serum estradiol levels in the OVX group were significantly lower, and the trabecular bone amount and volume were decreased when compared with the normal group. The expression of alkaline phosphatase in chondrocytes appeared lower, while the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) in the bone matrix was higher. The ratio of MMP-9-positive chondrocytes and osteoblasts to osteoclasts was significantly lower than that of the normal group. The concentrations of hydroxyproline (Hyp), Ca, and P in the left femurs of the OVX group were lower than those of the normal group. However, the aforementioned changes were not seen in the treatment group. In conclusion, microencapsulated ovarian cells survive well after transplantation and secrete estrogen in vivo, and they can prevent in some degree osteoporosis caused by ovariectomy. Anat Rec,

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“…8 On the other hand however, when the dose-related side effect such as endometrial hyperplasia and the thromboembolic events are considered the efficacy of a long term ERT or HRT is usually discredited. [9][10][11][12][13] To improve the efficacy a lot of efforts have being given to the administration and/or the modification of estrogen. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] It is well established that osteoporosis relates not only to the decrease of the formation of osteoblast-modulated bone but also to the increase of the resorption osteoclast-modulated bone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%