How to Differentiate General Toxicity-Related Endocrine Effects from Endocrine Disruption: Systematic Review of Carbon Disulfide Data

Abstract

This review provides an overview of the assessment of the endocrine disrupting (ED) properties of carbon disulfide (CS2), following the methodology used at the European level to identify endocrine disruptors. Relevant in vitro, in vivo studies and human data are analyzed. The assessment presented here focuses on one endocrine activity, i.e., thyroid disruption, and two main adverse effects, neurotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. The data available on the different ED or non-ED modes of action (MoA), known to trigger these adverse effects, are described and the strength of evidence of the different MoA is weighted. We conclude that the adverse effects could be due to systemic toxicity rather than endocrine-mediated toxicity. This assessment illustrates the scientific and regulatory challenges in differentiating a specific endocrine disruption from an indirect endocrine effect resulting from a non-ED mediated systemic toxicity. This issue of evaluating the ED properties of highly toxic and reactive substances has been insufficiently developed by European guidance so far and needs to be further addressed. Finally, this example also raises questions about the capacity of the technics available in toxicology to address such a complex issue with certainty.

Levels and safety assessment of pesticide residues in selected vegetables and fruits sold in Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria

“…Carbon disulfide, also called carbon bisulfide, is a colorless, toxic, highly volatile, and flammable liquid chemical compound that is used in manufacturing, fumigation, insecticides, and as a solvent (Abdollahi and Hosseini, 2014). Long-term exposure to carbon disulfide in humans may cause reproductive anomalies, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, and vascular atherosclerotic changes (Printemps et al, 2022;Sharma et al, 2022).…”

Life Cycle Assessment of Raw and Fe-Modified Biochars: Contributing to Circular Economy

“…This can be attributed to the carbon emissions that take place in the production of energy via biomass. According to the United States Environment Protection Agency (EPA), carbon disulfide can cause neurologic effects, headache, dizziness, fatigue, and other symptoms when humans are exposed to the compound [56,57]. For the ecotoxicity in the production of biochar (Figure 4c), the discharge of carbendazim to soil is the main hotspot.…”

CS2-based one-pot multicomponent tandem polymerization toward functional polybenzothiazoles

“…[7][8][9] Due to its ready availability, and economical and renewable properties, CS 2 is also a promising C1 building block for the construction of sulfur-containing polymers. Since the CS 2 molecule is flammable 10 and poisonous, 11,12 and is one of the main pollutants in the atmosphere, transforming CS 2 monomers into polymers is of great significance to environmental protection and polymer science. Yet to date, in comparison with the extensive work on its analogue CO 2 , [1][2][3][4] few studies have been conducted on the polymerization of CS 2 with other monomers, 13,14 in spite of the fact that CS 2 exhibits a much more versatile reactivity under mild ambient conditions than CO 2 .…”