How to address weight regain after bariatric surgery in an individualized way

Obesity surgery and neural correlates of human eating behaviour: A systematic review of functional MRI studies

“…Therefore, an important factor that may contribute to the variability in response of food cue reactivity to bariatric surgery is inter-individual differences, not only in the eating behaviours discussed above (external and disinhibited eating, or dietary restraint), but also the overlapping presence or symptoms of ‘food addiction’, emotional eating and binge eating disorder, which may not only influence clinical outcomes after bariatric surgery ( Ivezaj et al, 2017 , Athanasiadis et al, 2021 , Kops et al, 2021 , Cohen and Petry, 2023 ), but also food cue reactivity and hedonics both at baseline and follow-up ( Bohon et al, 2009 , Chechlacz et al, 2009 , Gearhardt et al, 2011 , Finlayson, 2017 , Schulte et al, 2019 , Constant et al, 2020 , Som et al, 2022 , Vrieze and Leenaerts, 2023 ). This will be contributed to by variability in the effects of different surgeries on eating behaviours and the degree/nature of their pre-, peri- and post-operative psychological and dietary management which will vary between centres.…”

“…Furthermore, there is heterogeneity in both the initial weight loss responses to bariatric surgery and risk of long-term weight regain. This may be contributed to by: (i) demographic factors including age, ethnicity, sex and obesity severity at baseline, (ii) presence of genetic variants especially in leptin-melanocortin pathway ( Campos et al, 2022 ), (iii) pre-surgical presence of co-morbid disordered eating or other psychopathology, such as binge eating disorder, emotional eating, ‘food addiction’, impulsivity, (iv) persistence/improvement of disordered eating after surgery, which may in turn also depend on the presence and nature of psychological support before and around surgery, (v) the type of surgery, and (vi) development of surgical complications ( Ivezaj et al, 2017 , Athanasiadis et al, 2021 , Kops et al, 2021 , Cohen and Petry, 2023 , Park, 2023 ).…”

Bariatric Surgery and Weight Gain: Bibliometric Analysis

“…Although the importance of lifestyle changes for patients undergoing bariatric surgery is emphasized, their long-term adaptation to these changes is often weak. The most common causes of weight gain include genetic factors, hormonal disorders, diet-related factors (such as uncontrolled eating and grazing), poor adherence to nutritional recommendations, reverting to preoperative eating habits, sedentary lifestyle, hypoglycemia, use of obesogenic drugs [ 15 ], and psychological factors (such as depression) [ 7 , 16 – 23 ]. Weight gain related to surgical and anatomical factors (such as dilated gastric fundus, enlargement of the gastric pouch) is also observed [ 7 , 15 , 19 , 24 ].…”