How the Liverpool Tidal Institute was established: industry, navy and academia

Abstract

Abstract. This paper outlines the establishment of the Liverpool Tidal Institute in 1919. There is a particular focus on early patrons and supporters in the context of both previous tidal research on the accuracy of predictions and debates about the involvement of state actors in science at the end of the First World War. It discusses how, and to what extent, various actors – Liverpool University, the British Association for the Advancement of Science, the UK Hydrographic Office, and the shipping industry – became involved with the institute and what their roles were in its creation. It shows that industrial support was crucial in the establishment of this academic institute which later became a key contractor to the Navy.

Preface: Developments in the science and history of tides

“…Zaron, 2019b) with important applications to studies of tidal energy dissipation, vertical heat transfer, ocean mixing and, potentially, variations in climate. This topic is represented in the special issue by a regional study of the predictability of Caribbean internal tides by Zaron (2019a) and an accuracy assessment of various global internal tide models by Carrere et al (2021). The benefits of technology for the local measurement of internal tides using gliders and moored acoustic Doppler current profilers are described by Hall et al (2019).…”

O problema de Fleming sobre as marés e as conjecturasde Galilei

“…Primeiro, importante a ser destacado, é o estudo das marés em si, que continua atual principalmente quanto a sua associação com a medida do tempo, o impacto na biologia marinha, questões climáticas, e processos astrofísicas [3][4][5][6][7]. Sobre esse conteúdo, vale consultar as publicações do centenário Liverpool Tidal Institute [8]. Outro aspecto de contexto atual é de natureza metodológica.…”