How safe are children when transported by bicycle?

Oxley, Jennifer Anne; O’Hern, Steve; Raftery, Simon; Woolley, Jeremy

doi:10.1080/15389588.2016.1199866

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Hence, the kinematical outcome can be comparable to an impacted pedestrian. In opposite to this, as initially mentioned, details about child kinematics are rare or not available in current literature (Oxley et al 2016). The gathered results shall be divided in the general categories as follows: -bicycle motion; -cyclist motion and head impacts; -carrier behaviour, in order to state about the overall safety situation of the child in this crash scenario.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generally, literature points on a lack of stored and baby carrier-related data, which was reported to Police or other institutions. This includes for an accident the lack of knowledge about the specific bicycle type or mounted additional equipment, especially the used type and mounting version of the baby carrier (Lindman et al 2015;Oxley et al 2016). In a consequence, in these examples and statistics only a focus on the observed injuries of the child is possible, while there is a lack of understanding of the dynamic behaviour of the baby carrier in an accident scenario.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Child Safety on Various Bicycle-Mounted Seats During Vehicle Impact

et al. 2019

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This research addresses an important gap in the state of the art by investigating the safety of vulnerable road users – children transported on bicycle seats. The article focuses on three forms of bicycle-mounted child seats and their kinematics during an accident scenario involving a motor vehicle. The front, rear-frame and rear-rack mounted child seat mounting configurations were considered in this study. The research covers the impact of a sports sedan vehicle against a bicycle equipped with the child seat. The assessment of the child safety was done through numerical simulations by coupling the codes of MADYMO and LS-DYNA. The after-impact kinematics for various baby carriers is presented with the emphasis on child’s head and neck injuries. The results were compared to the full-scale test available in the literature. The findings prove a low protection level for the child provided by the bicycle carriers in all considered cases. The study is further devoted to directions of increasing child safety in this means of transportation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Child Safety on Various Bicycle-Mounted Seats During Vehicle Impact

et al. 2019

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“…The transport of children by bicycle has been popular in America since the late 1970s [32]. It is also described by the Australian National Cycling Strategy 2011-2016 (NCS) as a safe, viable and enjoyable mode of transport and recreation and enabling families to cycle safely [33,34]. However, road injuries are the leading cause of death for children-this is a clear signal for the current child health agenda.…”

Section: Child On Bicycle-mounted Seat Restrain Regulationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Method to Assess and Enhance Vulnerable Road User Safety during Impact Loading

Ptak

2019

Applied Sciences

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Every year approximately 1.35 million people die as a consequence of road accidents. Almost 50% of road fatalities are vulnerable road users (VRUs). This research reviews the history of traffic safety for VRUs, presents an interesting insight into the statistics and evaluates the current legislation in Europe for pedestrians, cyclists, children on bicycle-mounted seats and motorcyclists in terms of impact situations and applied criteria. This enabled the author to have a better perspective on how the VRUs’ safety is currently verified. Furthermore, the VRU safety requirements are contrasted with the author’s research, which is mainly focused on VRU’s head biomechanics and kinematics. Finally, a new coherent method is presented, which encompasses the sub-groups of VRUs and proposes some improvements to both the regulations as well as technical countermeasures to mitigate the injuries during an impact. This study highlights the importance of numerical methods, which can serve as a powerful tool to study VRUs’ head injuries and kinematics.

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“…Human developmental stages and experiences with transportation contribute to variation in risk factors for different age groups. For example, very young children are not developed enough to operate a pedal-cycle, so their risk for crash injury would occur as a passenger in situations beyond their control (Oxley et al 2016). In this case, the risks for injury would be impacted by cognitive and perceptual development and how that impacts their mobility in the road environment (Schwebel et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injury and fatality risks for child pedestrians and cyclists on public roads

Swedler,

Ali,

Hoffman

et al. 2024

Inj. Epidemiol.

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Background Pedestrians and cyclists are often referred to as “vulnerable road users,” yet most research is focused on fatal crashes. We used fatal and nonfatal crash data to examine risk factors (i.e., relationship to an intersection, urbanicity, crash circumstances, and vehicle type) for police-reported pedestrian and cyclist injuries on public roads among children aged 0–9 and aged 10–19. We also compared risk factors among these two age groups with adults aged 20–29 and aged 30–39. Methods Crash data were obtained for 2016–2020 from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s Fatality Analysis Reporting System for fatal crash injuries and Crash Report Sampling System for nonfatal crash injuries. We collected data on victim demographics, roadway, and vehicle- and driver-related factors. Descriptive analyses were conducted between and within pedestrian and cyclist victims. Results We analyzed 206,429 pedestrian injuries (36% in children aged 0–19) and 148,828 cyclist injuries (41% in children aged 0–19) from 2016 to 2020. Overall, child pedestrians had lower injury rates than adults, but children aged 10–19 had greater cycling crash rates than adults. Almost half of the pedestrian injuries in children aged 0–9 were “dart-out” injuries (43%). In the majority of the cyclist injuries, children in both age groups failed to yield to vehicles (aged 0–9 = 40% and aged 10–19 = 24%). For children and all ages included in the study, the fatality risk ratio was highest when pedestrians and cyclists were struck by larger vehicles, such as trucks and buses. Further exploration of roadway factors is presented across ages and transportation mode. Conclusion Our findings on child, driver, vehicle, and roadway factors related to fatal and nonfatal pedestrian and cyclist injuries may help to tailor prevention efforts for younger and older children.

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How safe are children when transported by bicycle?

Cited by 13 publications

References 11 publications

Child Safety on Various Bicycle-Mounted Seats During Vehicle Impact

Child Safety on Various Bicycle-Mounted Seats During Vehicle Impact

Method to Assess and Enhance Vulnerable Road User Safety during Impact Loading

Injury and fatality risks for child pedestrians and cyclists on public roads

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