How RNA viruses maintain their genome integrity

Barr, John N.; Fearns, Rachel

doi:10.1099/vir.0.020818-0

Cited by 77 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 121 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…They also encounter immune response or antiviral defense of their hosts. To overcome these challenges, many RNA viruses have developed a series of self-defense mechanisms (4). In the interaction between hypoviruses and Cryphonectria parasitica, the hypovirus-encoded papain-like protease p29 acts as an inhibitor of the RNA silencinginduced antiviral defense by C. parasitica, thus enhancing viral RNA accumulation and vertical transmission (44,45,47).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of a Novel Bipartite Double-Stranded RNA Mycovirus Conferring Hypovirulence in the Phytopathogenic Fungus Botrytis porri

Jin

Zhang

et al. 2012

J Virol

113

140

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The ascomycete Botrytis porri causes clove rot and leaf blight of garlic worldwide. We report here the biological and molecular features of a novel bipartite double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) mycovirus named B otrytis p orri R NA v irus 1 (BpRV1) from the hypovirulent strain GarlicBc-72 of B. porri . The BpRV1 genome comprises two dsRNAs, dsRNA-1 (6,215 bp) and dsRNA-2 (5,879 bp), which share sequence identities of 62 and 95% at the 3′- and 5′-terminal regions, respectively. Two open reading frames (ORFs), ORF I (dsRNA-1) and ORF II (dsRNA-2), were detected. The protein encoded by the 3′-proximal coding region of ORF I shows sequence identities of 19 to 23% with RNA-dependent RNA polymerases encoded by viruses in the families Totiviridae , Chrysoviridae , and Megabirnaviridae . However, the proteins encoded by the 5′-proximal coding region of ORF I and by the entire ORF II lack sequence similarities to any reported virus proteins. Phylogenetic analysis showed that BpRV1 belongs to a separate clade distinct from those of other known RNA mycoviruses. Purified virions of ∼35 nm in diameter encompass dsRNA-1 and dsRNA-2, and three structural proteins (SPs) of 70, 80, and 85 kDa, respectively. Peptide mass fingerprinting analysis revealed that the 80- and 85-kDa SPs are encoded by ORF I, while the 70-kDa SP is encoded by ORF II. Introducing BpRV1 purified virions into the virulent strain GarlicBc-38 of B. porri caused derivative 38T reduced mycelial growth and hypovirulence. These combined results suggest that BpRV1 is a novel bipartite dsRNA virus that possibly belongs to a new virus family.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of a Novel Bipartite Double-Stranded RNA Mycovirus Conferring Hypovirulence in the Phytopathogenic Fungus Botrytis porri

Jin

Zhang

et al. 2012

J Virol

113

140

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Efficient amplification of viral genomic RNA, therefore, critically depends on the synthesis and maintenance of correct terminal sequences. Protection of terminal integrity is of particular relevance for RNA viruses that persist in vivo, because terminal genome deterioration during persistent infection has been described for several RNA viruses from distinct virus orders and families (4). Furthermore, 5′ triphosphate groups were identified as pathogen-associated molecular patterns that strongly contribute to the recognition of NSV by the innate immune system (5-7).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic RNAs of Borna disease virus are elongated on internal template motifs after realignment of the 3′ termini

Martin

Hoefs

Tadewaldt

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The terminal structures of the Borna disease virus (BDV) genome (vRNA) and antigenome (cRNA) differ from those of other negative strand RNA viruses, as both molecules possess four nucleotides at the 3′ terminus without an apparent template at the 5′ end of the opposite strand. Consequently, the v-and cRNA molecules are not perfect mirror images, a situation that is not compatible with conventional strategies to maintain genetic information. We show here that recombinant viruses recovered from cDNA lacking the nontemplated nucleotides efficiently reconstitute the 3′ overhangs. Analyses of recombinant viruses encoding genetic markers in potential alternative template sequences demonstrated that the BDV v-and cRNA molecules are extended by a realign-and-elongation process on internal template motifs located in close proximity to the 3′ ends of v-and cRNA, respectively. The data further suggest that cRNA elongation is restricted to a single template motif of the nascent strand, whereas elongation of vRNA might use multiple template motifs. We propose that the elongation of the 3′ termini supports the terminal integrity of the genomic RNA molecules during BDV persistence, and furthermore provides an elegant strategy to eliminate the triphosphate groups from the 5′ termini of the BDV v-and cRNA without compromising the genetic information of the virus.erminal sequences of RNA virus genomes have important regulatory functions in transcription and replication. The genome termini of negative-strand RNA viruses (NSV) are composed of inverted terminal repeats (ITRs), which represent promoter regions that control the asymmetric expression of genome (vRNA) and antigenome (cRNA). Replication usually initiates with a single nucleotide at the 3′ terminus of the template strand and in some NSV requires the direct interaction of the ITRs (1-3). Efficient amplification of viral genomic RNA, therefore, critically depends on the synthesis and maintenance of correct terminal sequences. Protection of terminal integrity is of particular relevance for RNA viruses that persist in vivo, because terminal genome deterioration during persistent infection has been described for several RNA viruses from distinct virus orders and families (4). Furthermore, 5′ triphosphate groups were identified as pathogen-associated molecular patterns that strongly contribute to the recognition of NSV by the innate immune system (5-7). It is therefore not surprising that many NSV developed sophisticated mechanisms to modify the terminal structures of their genomes. Segmented NSV of the Arena-, Bunya-, and Orthomyxovirus families use prime-and-realign mechanisms in which short, internally synthesized primers realign with the 3′ end of the template strand to initiate genome replication (8-11). This process regenerates the 5′ termini from internal templates during each round of replication and generates a triphosphorylated 5′ nucleotide without template function that can be removed by a nuclease activity of the viral polymerase (10).Borna disease virus (BDV) has ...

show abstract

“…Although the molecular mechanism underlying the deletion of foreign inserts is mostly unstudied during VIGS, it is known that replicase template switching is an accepted model for BMV recombination (Bujarski and Kaesberg, 1986;Nagy et al, 1998;Kim and Kao, 2001;Shapka and Nagy, 2004;Barr and Fearns, 2010;Simon-Loriere and Holmes, 2011;Bujarski, 2013;Rao and Kao, 2015). RNA recombination occurs within and between the BMV genomic RNAs (Sztuba-Soli nska et al, 2011).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Improved Brome mosaic virus Silencing Vector: Greater Insert Stability and More Extensive VIGS

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

How RNA viruses maintain their genome integrity

Cited by 77 publications

References 121 publications

Characterization of a Novel Bipartite Double-Stranded RNA Mycovirus Conferring Hypovirulence in the Phytopathogenic Fungus Botrytis porri

Characterization of a Novel Bipartite Double-Stranded RNA Mycovirus Conferring Hypovirulence in the Phytopathogenic Fungus Botrytis porri

Genomic RNAs of Borna disease virus are elongated on internal template motifs after realignment of the 3′ termini

An Improved Brome mosaic virus Silencing Vector: Greater Insert Stability and More Extensive VIGS

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About