How rice organs are colored: The genetic basis of anthocyanin biosynthesis in rice

Xia, Duo; Zhou, Hao; Wang, Yipei; Li, Pingbo; Fu, Pei P.; Wu, Bian; He, Yuqing

doi:10.1016/j.cj.2021.03.013

Cited by 59 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 149 publications

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“…Previous studies suggested that flavonoid-related MYB-domain TFs belonging to the SG5 and SG6 subgroups of R2R3-MYB TFs regulate proanthocyanidin and anthocyanin biosynthesis in different tissues including leaves, fruits, and seeds (Stracke et al, 2001). In a phylogenetic tree of R2R3-MYB proteins from various plant species, we found that OsKala3 clustered into SG5 subgroup, together with OsC1, TaPpm1a, and ZmC1, which are monocotyledonous MYB proteins involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis as a positive regulator (Figure 2A; Jiang et al, 2018;Sun et al, 2018;Xia et al, 2021). such as AtTT2, OsC1, and ZmC1 (Figure 2B).…”

Section: Phylogenetic Analysis Of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis-related Myb Domain Transcription Factorsmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…Notably, these flavonoid pigments are missing in most cultivated rice varieties, possibly as a consequence of artificial selection for whiter grains. Several rice genes implicated in anthocyanin biosynthesis have been reported (Hu et al, 1996(Hu et al, , 2000Reddy et al, 1998;Sakamoto et al, 2001;Saitoh et al, 2004;Sun et al, 2018;Zheng et al, 2019;Mbanjo et al, 2020;Mackon et al, 2021;Xia et al, 2021). For example, seven putative regulators were isolated and characterized for their contribution to the spatial and temporal regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis, including the R2R3-MYB gene OsC1 and the six bHLH genes OsB1, OsB2 (also called OsKala4), OsRa, OsRb, OsPa, and OsPs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An OsKala3, R2R3 MYB TF, Is a Common Key Player for Black Rice Pericarp as Main Partner of an OsKala4, bHLH TF

Kim

Yang

et al. 2021

Front. Plant Sci.

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Rice (Oryza sativa) pericarp exhibits various colors due to the accumulation of anthocyanins and/or proanthocyanidins. Previous work revealed that the two basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors OsKala4 and OsRc are key regulators for the black and red pericarp traits, respectively, and their inactivation results in rice with white pericarp. However, their pericarp-specific R2R3 MYB partner remained unknown. Here, we characterized the role of the R2R3 MYB gene OsKala3 in rice pericarp pigmentation through genetic and molecular approaches. A rice protoplast transfection assay showed that OsKala3 is a nuclear-localized protein. Furthermore, OsKala3 physically interacted with OsKala4 in a yeast two-hybrid analysis. Co-transfection assays in rice protoplasts revealed that OsKala3 and OsKala4 mediate the activation of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. Notably, the OsKala3 promoter region exhibited an insertion polymorphism specifically in rice cultivars with black pericarp, creating two tandem repeats while red and white varieties harbor only one. The number of repeats within the OsKala3 promoter correlated with increased transactivation by OsKala3, thus providing a rationale for the black pericarp characteristic of cultivars with two repeats. These results thus provide evidence for the molecular basis of anthocyanin biosynthesis in rice pericarp and may facilitate the introduction of this beneficial trait to other rice cultivars through marker-assisted breeding.

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Section: Phylogenetic Analysis Of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis-related Myb Domain Transcription Factorsmentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An OsKala3, R2R3 MYB TF, Is a Common Key Player for Black Rice Pericarp as Main Partner of an OsKala4, bHLH TF

Kim

Yang

et al. 2021

Front. Plant Sci.

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“…Anthocyanins are a flavonoid class of phenylpropanoid compounds and are widely distributed in land plants ( Buer et al, 2010 ; Albert et al, 2014 ; Xu et al, 2015 ). Anthocyanin accumulation in vacuoles accounts for the red to blue color range of various tissues, including roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits ( Ben Zvi et al, 2008 ; Kim et al, 2010 ; Fan et al, 2020 ; Zhong et al, 2020 ; Xia et al, 2021 ). They play crucial roles in plant stress resistance by acting as scavengers of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) ( Buer et al, 2010 ; Naing et al, 2018 ; Shen et al, 2019 ; Ma et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the number of repeats (R) in the MYB domain ( Buer et al, 2010 ), MYBs are divided into four classes (1R, R2R3, R1R2R3, and 4R-MYB proteins). The MYB TFs regulate important processes in higher plants, such as secondary metabolism, signal transduction, and biotic and abiotic stresses ( Buer et al, 2010 ; Wang et al, 2019 ; Ma et al, 2021 ; Xia et al, 2021 ). Particularly, they are the vital regulators of anthocyanidin biosynthesis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Overexpression of MYB Transcription Factors on the Regulatory Mechanisms of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis

et al. 2021

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MYBs (v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homologs) are important transcriptional regulators that play critical roles in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. The overexpression of MYB genes has been reported in different plant species. However, the inconsistent strategies to assess transgenic plants have made it difficult to explain the complex mechanisms of regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis by MYBs. We report here a meta-analysis of 608 studies from 206 publications assessing the effects of MYB overexpression on anthocyanins and evaluate the experimental variables that have an influence on transgenic plant performance. We found that MYB expression enhanced the magnitude of 20 out of 26 examined plant parameters by at least of 21% and reduced the magnitude of 1 indicator by at least 37%. We explored the variety of moderating variables causing these variations. A deeper color induced by MYBs caused higher plant attributes as compared to normal color changes. MYB genes from dicots stimulated the accumulation of anthocyanins, flavonols and impacted the expressions of PAL, CHS, CHI, FLS, F3′5′H, ANS, UFGT, and ANR as compared to monocots. Heterologous expression and homologous expression showed a great difference in anthocyanin biosynthesis. Transient gene transformation had a significant effect on the expression of flavonoid biosynthetic genes, and stable transformation had a significant effect on flavonoid accumulation. Stress could result in a significantly increased accumulation of flavonoids, especially anthocyanin, flavonol, and proanthocyanidin. Our study, thus, provides new insights into the function of MYBs in the regulatory mechanisms of flavonoid biosynthesis and the use of genetic engineering for improving anthocyanins contents.

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“…The early avonoid biosynthesis genes (EBGs) are composed of phenylalanineammonia lyase (PAL), 4-coumaryl: CoA ligase (4CL), chalcone synthase (CHS), chalcone isomerase (CHI) and avanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), which encodes common precursor for various of avonoids. The late anthocyanin biosynthesis genes (LBGs), such as avonoid-3′-hydroxylase (F3′H), avonoid-3′,5′hydroxylase (F3′5′H), Dihydro avonol 4-reductase (DFR), anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) and UDP-glucose: avonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT), on the other hand, are closely relevant to the accumulation of anthocyanins 4 . Additionally, the accumulation of anthocyanins is highly depended on transcription factors (TFs) which regulates the expression of structural genes, and MYB-bHLH-WD40 complex (MBW)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study On The Mechanism of Color Formation In The Skin of Ophiopogon Japonicas Fruit Via Integrative Analysis of Metabolome And Transcriptome

Gan

Zheng

Gui

et al. 2021

Preprint

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In this study, the metabolome and transcriptome profiles of ophiopogon japonicas fruit during five stages were analyzed to understand the mechanisms for the formation of color in the skin. Results showed that twenty eight types of flavonoids existed in the skin of the fruit, of which twenty five were anthocyanins and three were flavonols. Among the twenty five kinds of anthocyanins, Delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside, Delphinidin 3-O-glucoside, Petunidin 3-O-rutinoside, Cyanidin 3-O-galactoside and Delphinidin 3-O-galactoside were the major constitutes of the metabolites. Delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside and Delphinidin 3-O-glucoside were discovered to be responsible for the blue color of fruit due to their high correlation with genes in the connection network, especially for Delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside, which was the highest in the amount and accumulated rapidly to 67.6% in the last three stages. Analyzing the results of co-expression network between genes and anthocyanins by means of weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), the biosynthesis genes of anthocyanin formed in the late stage were found to be F3’5’H, ANS and UFGT, and the regulatory gene was MYB, which determined the color change of O. japonicas fruit. The identification of key anthocyanins and dominant genes for blue skin of O. japonicas fruit has laid a theoretical basis for regulating the fruit pigmentation in ground cover plants.

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How rice organs are colored: The genetic basis of anthocyanin biosynthesis in rice

Cited by 59 publications

References 149 publications

An OsKala3, R2R3 MYB TF, Is a Common Key Player for Black Rice Pericarp as Main Partner of an OsKala4, bHLH TF

An OsKala3, R2R3 MYB TF, Is a Common Key Player for Black Rice Pericarp as Main Partner of an OsKala4, bHLH TF

Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Overexpression of MYB Transcription Factors on the Regulatory Mechanisms of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis

Study On The Mechanism of Color Formation In The Skin of Ophiopogon Japonicas Fruit Via Integrative Analysis of Metabolome And Transcriptome

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