How resilient is health financing policy in Europe to economic shocks? Evidence from the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic and the 2008 global financial crisis

Thomson, Sarah; García-Ramírez, Jorge A; Akkazieva, Baktygul; Habicht, Triin; Cylus, Jonathan; Evetovits, Tamás

doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2021.11.002

Cited by 32 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…uninsured people, undocumented migrants, etc.) partly depending on the criteria of testing policies [ 3 – 5 , 35 , 37 , 38 ]. The evidence emerging from this study suggests if tests were made free of charge, it might not constitute a barrier to anyone (younger populations included), nor lead to sacrificing consumption of other necessities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unaffordability of COVID-19 tests: assessing age-related inequalities in 83 countries

Flores

Abbasi

Korachais

et al. 2022

Int J Equity Health

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Background Diagnostic testing for SARS-CoV-2 is critical to manage the pandemic and its different waves. The requirement to pay out-of-pocket (OOP) for testing potentially represents both a financial barrier to access and, for those who manage to make the payment, a source of financial hardship, as they may be forced to reduce spending on other necessities. This study aims to assess age-related inequality in affordability of COVID-19 tests. Methods Daily data from the Global COVID-19 Trends and Impact Survey among adult respondents across 83 countries from July 2020 to April 2021 was used to monitor age-related inequalities across three indicators: the experiences of, first, reducing spending on necessities because of paying OOP for testing, second, facing financial barriers to get tested (from January to April 2021), and third, having anxiety related to household finance in the future. Logistic regressions were used to assess the association of age with each of these. Results Among the population ever tested, the adjusted odds of reducing spending on necessities due to the cost of the test decreased non-linearly with age from 2.3 [CI95%: 2.1–2.5] among ages 18–24 to 1.6 [CI95%: 1.5–1.8] among ages 45–54. Among the population never tested, odds of facing any type of barrier to testing were highest among the youngest age group 2.5 [CI95%:2.4–2.5] and decreased with age. Finally, among those reporting reducing spending on necessities, the odds of reporting anxiety about their future finances decreased non-linearly with age, with the two younger groups being 2.4–2.5 times more anxious than the oldest age group. Among those reporting financial barriers due to COVID-19 test cost, there was an inverse U-shape relationship. Conclusions COVID-19 testing was associated with a reduction in spending on necessities at varying levels by age. Younger people were more likely to face financial barrier to get tested. Both negative outcomes generated anxiety across all age-groups but more frequently among the younger ones. To reduce age-related inequalities in the affordability of COVID-19 test, these findings support calls for exempting everyone from paying OOP for testing and, removing other type of barriers than financial ones.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unaffordability of COVID-19 tests: assessing age-related inequalities in 83 countries

Flores

Abbasi

Korachais

et al. 2022

Int J Equity Health

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“…With the implementation of the national "deleveraging" policy and the tightening of the real estate policy, the article discussed the current situation of Evergrande's current large amount bills overdue, dishonesty to banks and other financial institutions, credit rating downgrade, narrowing of financing channels such as banks and trusts, which further increased the current situation of Evergrande's liquidity risk [4]. According to the financial data disclosed by Evergrande, it is concluded that the main causes of Evergrande's current situation are: (1) the expansion of diversified businesses under high leverage is so radical that the speed and positioning are out of control, (2) because commercial bills are embodied in the accounting standards as interest free liabilities and Evergrande's original premium ability is strong, Evergrande's excessive use of supply chain financing means has reduced the interest bearing liability ratio, but the actual liabilities are rising, (3) the continuous explosion of negative news The supervision of the national "three red lines" system and the discount risk caused by the decline of equity liquidity negotiation ability have continued to worsen Evergrande's operating cash flow.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Financial Crisis Analysis of Evergrande Group from the Perspective of Game Theory

Wang¹,

Ye²,

Zhu³

2022

Proceedings of the 2022 2nd International Conference on Enterprise Management and Economic Development (ICEMED 2022)

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With the gradual implementation of the national deleveraging policy and changes in the internal business environment of enterprises, debt default events occur frequently, and many enterprises are facing a serious financial crisis. This paper takes Evergrande, a leading real estate enterprise, as the research object. We analyze the causes and effects of its financial crisis by studying its financial indicators and establish a game theory model to analyze the game between the government and enterprises, as well as the optimal solution for Evergrande to get out of the financial crisis. Studies show that the reasons for Evergrande's debt default are blind expansion, high leverage ratio, insufficient cash flow management, and stricter national policies. To get out of the financial dilemma, Evergrande needs to rely on its own rescue and the synergies of investors, management, and government. At the same time, in order to avoid falling into financial difficulties, other enterprises need to be cautious about diversification, rationally control leverage ratio, and balance development speed. The government should adopt the policy of seeking progress while maintaining stability, continue to promote financial reform, and reduce financing costs of enterprises.

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“…In response to the crisis, governments closed borders and limited the flow of people, hoping to stop the virus from spreading. Unfortunately, these restrictive means affected industries and economies [ 1 , 2 ], causing the inhibition of the supply chains and impacting many societies’ lives [ 3 ]. The most challenging has been to reduce the contact between people.…”

Section: Introduction (Semi-review)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyelectrolyte Membrane Nanocoatings Aimed at Personal Protective and Medical Equipment Surfaces to Reduce Coronavirus Spreading

et al. 2022

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The study of the surface of membrane coatings constructed with adsorbed coronavirus (COV) was described to test their suitability for the antiviral activity for application in personal protective and medical equipment. The nanocoating based on polyethyleneimine (PEI) or polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) with metallic nanoparticles incorporated was investigated using the AFM technique. Moreover, the functioning of human lung cells in a configuration with the prepared material with the adsorbed coronavirus was studied using microscopic techniques and flow cytometry. The mean values of the percentage share of viable cells compared with the control differed by a maximum of 22%. The results showed that PEI and PSS membrane layer coatings, modified with chosen metallic nanoparticles (AuNPs, AgNPs, CuNPs, FeNPs) that absorb COV, could support lung cells’ function, despite the different distribution patterns of COV on designed surfaces as well as immobilized lung cells. Therefore, the developed membrane nanocoatings can be recommended as material for biomedical applications, e.g., medical equipment surfaces to reduce coronavirus spreading, as they adsorb COV and simultaneously maintain the functioning of the eukaryotic cells.

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How resilient is health financing policy in Europe to economic shocks? Evidence from the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic and the 2008 global financial crisis

Cited by 32 publications

References 6 publications

Unaffordability of COVID-19 tests: assessing age-related inequalities in 83 countries

Unaffordability of COVID-19 tests: assessing age-related inequalities in 83 countries

Financial Crisis Analysis of Evergrande Group from the Perspective of Game Theory

Polyelectrolyte Membrane Nanocoatings Aimed at Personal Protective and Medical Equipment Surfaces to Reduce Coronavirus Spreading

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