The book of Haggai emerged from a dispute in the early Persian period over the propriety and feasibility of rebuilding the temple in Jerusalem in 520 BCE. As a record of that dispute, the book is a rhetorical artifact that displays a variety of strategies designed to persuade the Yehudite community that Yhwh wanted his house rebuilt. Theological and socioeconomic objections and obstacles to reconstruction had to be overcome before the Yehudites would accept Haggai's call to rebuild. This dissertation argues that although some of the Yehudite community accepted Haggai's claim that Yhwh wanted his temple built, others remained unpersuaded, fearing that the adverse agricultural and economic conditions, as well as the lack of a royal builder, were signs that Yhwh was not ready to begin the period of restoration. The oracles and narrative portions of the book are intended to counter these fears by arguing that Yhwh will provide for the adornment of the temple, bring prosperity to Yehud once the temple is built, and has already designated the Davidide Zerubbabel as the chosen royal builder. Haggai further strengthened commitment to reconstruction by vilifying those Yehudites who failed to support the temple as unclean and non-Israelite.
Rhetorical analysis illumines not only particular features of the text but alsoindicates what theological and socioeconomic sources of opposition to temple reconstruction were most important in this period. This sheds further light on the socioeconomic conditions of early Persian period Yehud. many years ago. I have been especially blessed to live with the excellent brothers of Bl.Giles Friary. The charity, respect, and forbearance they have shown me is without measure and a model for all.For their companionship, advice, and good humor-especially in more challenging moments-warmly do I thank my fellow graduate students, in particular Catherine Muldoon (PhD, Boston College, 2009), Kimberly Bauser, and Tom Fraatz. I cannot imagine getting this far without them.Finally, although my mother, Sandra Bowman, and my sister, Kelly Galloway, are the first to proclaim they understand nothing of this project, they have nevertheless consistently encouraged and supported me in all my years of school. They long ago learned to love that I am an incurable student-for-life, and I am deeply grateful for that.iii
ContentsAcknowledgments i Contents iii Abbreviations vi Translation of the Haggai Narrative x Chapter One -Introduction III. Objections and Obstacles to Reconstruction A. Theological Objections and Obstacles A. 1. Doubts about Divine Permission A. 2. Concerns that the Period of Judgment Had Not Ended A. 3.