How preview space/time translates into preview cost/benefit for fixation durations during reading

Kliegl, Reinhold; Hohenstein, Sven; Yan, Ming; McDonald, Scott A.

doi:10.1080/17470218.2012.658073

Cited by 85 publications

(141 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The invisible boundary is represented by a red vertical line. Panel B illustrates only the invalid preview condition; during valid preview, no change occurs on the screen McDonald, 2013;Marx, Hawelka, Schuster, & Hutzler, 2015;Yan, Risse, Zhou, & Kliegl, 2012). This evidence suggests that the preview benefit effect is a combination of both preview benefits and preview costs.…”

Section: Preview Benefit Versus N + 1 Preview Effectsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…However, two recent lines of evidence suggest that this may be an oversimplification. The first is the finding that parafoveal masks that are used during invalid preview conditions may introduce processing costs (Gagl, Hawelka, Richlan, Schuster, & Hutzler, 2014;Hutzler et al, 2013;Kliegl, Hohenstein, Yan, & (Rayner, 1975) for studying N + 1 and N + 2 preview effects. The invisible boundary is represented by a red vertical line.…”

Section: Preview Benefit Versus N + 1 Preview Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parafoveal preview effects from word N + 1 and word N + 2 during reading: A critical review and Bayesian meta-analysis

Vasilev

Angele

2016

Psychon Bull Rev

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The use of gaze-contingent display techniques to study reading has shown that readers attend not only the currently fixated word, but also the word to the right of the current fixation. However, a critical look at the literature shows that a number of questions cannot be readily answered from the available literature reviews on the topic. First, there is no consensus as to whether readers also attend the second word to the right of fixation. Second, it is not clear whether parafoveal processing is more efficient in languages such as Chinese. Third, it is not well understood whether the measured effects are confounded by the properties of the parafoveal mask. In the present study, we addressed these issues by performing a Bayesian metaanalysis of 93 experiments that used the boundary paradigm (Rayner, Cognitive Psychology, 7, 65-81. doi:10.1016/0010-028590005-5, 1975. We describe three main findings: (1) The advantage of previewing the second word to the right is modest in size and likely is not centered on zero; (2) Chinese readers do seem to make more efficient use of parafoveal processing, but this is mostly evident in gaze durations; and (3) there are interference effects associated with using different parafoveal masks that roughly increase when the mask is less word-like.Keywords Parafoveal processing . Reading . Preview benefit . Perceptual span . Eye movementsThe advance of eye-tracking technology has allowed an unprecedented opportunity to understand how the reading process unfolds in space and time. One of the advantages of this method is the possibility to precisely manipulate what participants see in real time while they are reading sentences on the screen. The use of such techniques has shown that readers not only process the currently fixated word, but that they also benefit from previewing the upcoming word in parafoveal vision (Rayner, 1998). This so-called preview benefit effect is measured as shorter fixation durations on a word for which correct preview information was available during the preceding fixation.The preview benefit effect is arguably one of the most robust and least controversial findings in the literature, and it has inspired many subsequent experiments as well as models of reading (Schotter, Angele, & Rayner, 2012). A particular issue highlighted by the preview benefit effect is the distinction between gaze location and the attentional focus during reading. Although the gaze location and attentional focus are usually identical in single-word recognition tasks, readers appear to routinely attend the upcoming word as well. Many experiments have been dedicated to determining exactly which properties of an upcoming word readers can process while they are still fixating on the preceding word. It has been shown that reader can preprocess the orthographic, phonological, morphological, and possibly semantic properties of the upcoming word (for a review, see Schotter et al., 2012).However, despite four decades of research on the topic, the size of this effect has not been system...

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Section: Preview Benefit Versus N + 1 Preview Effectsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Preview Benefit Versus N + 1 Preview Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parafoveal preview effects from word N + 1 and word N + 2 during reading: A critical review and Bayesian meta-analysis

Vasilev

Angele

2016

Psychon Bull Rev

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“…Critically, we explicitly assessed the effect of our manipulation. To this end, we followed the rationale of Kliegl et al (2013) by distinguishing between near and far launch sites of the incoming sac- This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The implicit assumption of the studies, which administered the boundary technique and parafoveal masks, is that the mask prevents parafoveal preprocessing without inducing "side effects." Seldom has this assumption been questioned (but see , and only recently did Kliegl, Hohenstein, Yan, and McDonald (2013) seize the issue empirically. They studied fixation times on target words that were masked by different letters until fixation.…”

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Parafoveal preprocessing in reading revisited: Evidence from a novel preview manipulation.

Gagl¹,

Hawelka²,

Richlan³

et al. 2014

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

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The study investigated parafoveal preprocessing by the means of the classical invisible boundary paradigm and a novel manipulation of the parafoveal previews (i.e., visual degradation). Eye movements were investigated on 5-letter target words with constraining (i.e., highly informative) initial letters or similarly constraining final letters. Visual degradation was administered to all, no, the initial, or the final 2 letters of the parafoveal preview of the target words. Critically, the manipulation of the parafoveal previews did not interfere with foveal processing. Thus, we had a proper baseline to which we could relate our main findings, which were as follows: First, the valid (i.e., nondegraded) preview of the target words’ final letters led to shorter fixation times compared to the baseline condition (i.e., the degradation of all letters). Second, this preview benefit for the final letters was comparable to the benefit of previewing the initial letters. Third, the preview of a constraining initial letter sequence, however, yielded a larger preview benefit than the preview of an unconstraining initial letter sequence. The latter finding indicates that preprocessing constraining initial letters is particularly conducive to foveal word recognition.

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Reading Comprehension II

Liversedge¹,

Zang²,

Liang³

2022

The Science of Reading

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How preview space/time translates into preview cost/benefit for fixation durations during reading

Cited by 85 publications

References 46 publications

Parafoveal preview effects from word N + 1 and word N + 2 during reading: A critical review and Bayesian meta-analysis

Parafoveal preview effects from word N + 1 and word N + 2 during reading: A critical review and Bayesian meta-analysis

Parafoveal preprocessing in reading revisited: Evidence from a novel preview manipulation.

Reading Comprehension II

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