How poor women earn income in sub-Saharan Africa and what works against them

Jiggins, Janice

doi:10.1016/0305-750x(89)90160-5

Cited by 85 publications

(42 citation statements)

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“…As to quantitative research of livelihood assets (human assets, natural assets, physical assets, financial or social assets), evaluation indexes are modified in accordance with actual situations in the study area (Table 1), in light of domestic and foreign farmers vulnerability analysis (Berry, 1989;Bromley and Chavas, 1989;Jiggins, 1989;Toulmin, 1992;Painter et al, 1994;Li et al, 2007). Index values of typical townships are averages of sample households.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Livelihood diversification of farmers and nomads of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau

Yan

Zhang

et al. 2010

J. Geogr. Sci.

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Livelihoods of farmers and nomads in Tibetan Plateau are severely affected by grassland and herbal resources degeneration. How to help them achieve livelihood diversification is a key sustainable development issue. This paper examines livelihood assets, livelihood diversification level and livelihood strategies of farmers and nomads in 3 regions of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau. The results show that livelihood diversification is a popular strategy. From high mountain gorge region to mountain plateau region and plateau region, livelihood diversification level is reduced, and livelihood activities and proportion of extended livelihood also decrease. Livelihood assets and livelihood diversification level decrease with the increase of elevation, mainly shown in human assets and natural assets. Livelihood diversification level is highly correlative with livelihood assets, mainly shown in natural assets, human assets and social assets. Livelihood improvement strategies of farmers and nomads are still based on existing livelihood assets, mainly raising livestock and digging herbs, and less farmers and nomads consider off-farm employment or doing business. Nomads in plateau region should learn much from experiences of extended livelihoods of people in high mountain gorge region and mountain plateau region. Therefore, aids of governments should focus on relieving restricted factors of livelihood diversification and help them improve their abilities to build up extended type livelihoods.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Livelihood diversification of farmers and nomads of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau

Yan

Zhang

et al. 2010

J. Geogr. Sci.

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“…Men are more involved in agricultural activities than women because women are in partial or total seclusions in the Islamic States. Other constraints limiting rural women's agricultural productivity are land tenure system, lack of access to loans, illiteracy, multiple family responsibilities and other cultural, religious barriers and also the way that agricultural services are staffed, managed and designed (Jiggins, 1989;Olawoye, 1989;FAO, 1993). Many rural women may not have access to improved technologies and innovations, agro-chemicals and fertilizers which are essential for agricultural www.ccsenet.org/jas Journal of Agricultural Science Vol.…”

Section: Rural Women's Constraints In Agricultural Production and Marmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic Empowerment for Rural Women in Nigeria: Poverty Alleviation through Agriculture

Fabiyi¹,

Akande²

2015

JAS

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Generally, rural women are majorly involved in agricultural activities such as planting, weeding, harvesting, processing and marketing. They also keep some domestic animals and birds. Empowering rural women will go a long way to improving the economic life of the women and also the well-being of individuals, families and the rural communities. Social, cultural traditions and agricultural constraints can limit rural women's economic status. Rural women's limited access to productive resources, low educational level and illiteracy are contributors to rural women's poverty. Illiteracy affects their chances to benefit from newer, non-traditional methods such as: information and communication technologies. The promotion of agricultural development should be through the provision of useful and relevant information to the farming communities by the extension services. The unpaid work that women perform at home and farm are not recognized for official record. There are many constraints making rural women farmers to be lagging behind economically, apart from lack of agricultural information. The main constraints are the lack of personal land and credit. There is evidence that empowering women in multiple ways will contribute to their own food security and nutrition and that of their families. Women are limited in terms of their potential in contributing to agricultural development. Reducing the gender disparities or discrimination will generate significant gains for the agricultural sector. There is the need for national laws and policies that promote women's rights to own land, property and have equal access to credit for their businesses.

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“…If, as I argued above, the informal sector is failing to absorb everyone who wants work, many households are forced to respond in other ways . An obvious first reaction is to cut expenditure and consumption, sharing tasks within the home, and sometimes even modifying the composition of the household (Brydon and Chant, 1989 ;Grown and Sebstad, 1989 ;Jiggins, 1989 ;Selby et al ., 1990) . Finally, the recent literature has shown that female participation rates were already rising before the recession.…”

Section: The Situation Of Women and Childrenmentioning

confidence: 98%

Third World Cities: Poverty, Employment, Gender Roles and the Environment during a Time of Restructuring

Gilbert

1994

Urban Studies

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How poor women earn income in sub-Saharan Africa and what works against them

Cited by 85 publications

References 1 publication

Livelihood diversification of farmers and nomads of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau

Livelihood diversification of farmers and nomads of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau

Economic Empowerment for Rural Women in Nigeria: Poverty Alleviation through Agriculture

Third World Cities: Poverty, Employment, Gender Roles and the Environment during a Time of Restructuring

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