How plants grow under gravity conditions besides 1 g: perspectives from hypergravity and space experiments that employ bryophytes as a model organism

Kume, Atsushi; Kamachi, Hiroyuki; Onoda, Yusuke; Hanba, Yuko T.; Hiwatashi, Yuji; Karahara, Ichirou; Fujita, Tomomichi

doi:10.1007/s11103-021-01146-8

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…Plants evolve and grow under the influence of constant factor, Earth’s gravity (1 g). In response to this pressure, plants have acquired gravitropism to sense gravity and change their growth direction and morphogenesis [ 25 , 26 ]. To change the intensity of gravity of ground simulation to study plant changes is a common method to explore the mechanism of plant gravitropism [ 4 , 27 ].…”

Section: How Plants Sense Gravity and Change Under Stress Environments Of Altered Gravitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant Gravitropism and Signal Conversion under a Stress Environment of Altered Gravity

Qiu

Jian

Zhang

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Humans have been committed to space exploration and to find the next planet suitable for human survival. The construction of an ecosystem that adapts to the long-term survival of human beings in space stations or other planets would be the first step. The space plant cultivation system is the key component of an ecosystem, which will produce food, fiber, edible oil and oxygen for future space inhabitants. Many plant experiments have been carried out under a stimulated or real environment of altered gravity, including at microgravity (0 g), Moon gravity (0.17 g) and Mars gravity (0.38 g). How plants sense gravity and change under stress environment of altered gravity were summarized in this review. However, many challenges remain regarding human missions to the Moon or Mars. Our group conducted the first plant experiment under real Moon gravity (0.17 g) in 2019. One of the cotton seeds successfully germinated and produced a green seedling, which represents the first green leaf produced by mankind on the Moon.

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Section: How Plants Sense Gravity and Change Under Stress Environments Of Altered Gravitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant Gravitropism and Signal Conversion under a Stress Environment of Altered Gravity

Qiu

Jian

Zhang

et al. 2021

IJMS

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“…Recently, we have performed "Space Moss" experiment on the International Space Station to understand effects of microgravity on the growth of P. patens [15]. In the present study, we have at first aimed to visualize its rhizoid system architecture in 3D by refractioncontrast X-ray micro-CT using specimens obtained by the Space Moss experiment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensionally visualized rhizoid system of moss, Physcomitrium patens, by refraction-contrast X-ray micro-computed tomography

et al. 2022

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Land plants have two types of shoot-supporting systems, root system and rhizoid system, in vascular plants and bryophytes. However, since the evolutionary origin of the systems are different, how much they exploit common systems or distinct systems to architect their structures are largely unknown. To understand the regulatory mechanism how bryophytes architect rhizoid system responding to environmental factors, we have developed the methodology to visualize and quantitatively analyze the rhizoid system of the moss, Physcomitrium patens in 3D. The rhizoids having the diameter of 21.3 µm on the average were visualized by refraction-contrast X-ray micro-CT using coherent X-ray optics available at synchrotron radiation facility SPring-8. Three types of shape (ring-shape, line, black circle) observed in tomographic slices of specimens embedded in paraffin were confirmed to be the rhizoids by optical and electron microscopy. Comprehensive automatic segmentation of the rhizoids which appeared in different three form types in tomograms was tested by a method using Canny edge detector or machine learning. Accuracy of output images was evaluated by comparing with the manually-segmented ground truth images using measures such as F1 score and IoU, revealing that the automatic segmentation using the machine learning was more effective than that using Canny edge detector. Thus, machine learning-based skeletonized 3D model revealed quite dense distribution of rhizoids. We successfully visualized the moss rhizoid system in 3D for the first time. High resolution refraction-contrast X-ray micro-CT using coherent X-ray optics successfully visualized 3D architecture of rhizoid system of moss, Physcomitrium patens, which is composed of cellular filaments having the diameter of 21.3 µm on the average, for the first time by using machine learning for segmentation.

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“…Recently, we have performed “Space Moss” experiment on the International Space Station to understand effects of microgravity on the growth of P. patens [15]. In the present study, we have at first aimed to visualize its rhizoid system architecture in 3D by refraction-contrast X-ray micro-CT using specimens obtained by the Space Moss experiment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-dimensional visualization of moss rhizoid system by refraction-contrast X-ray micro-computed tomography

Yamaura

Tamaoki

Kamachi

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Land plants have two types of shoot-supporting systems, root system and rhizoid system, in vascular plants and bryophytes. However, since the evolutionary origin of the systems are different, how much they exploit common systems or distinct systems to architect their structures are largely unknown. To understand the regulatory mechanism how bryophytes architect rhizoid system responding to an environmental factor, such as gravity, and compare it with the root system of vascular plants, we have developed the methodology to visualize and quantitatively analyze the rhizoid system of the moss, Physcomitrium patens in 3D. The rhizoids having the diameter of 21.3 μm on the average were visualized by refraction-contrast X-ray micro-CT using coherent X-ray optics available at synchrotron radiation facility SPring-8. Three types of shape (ring-shape, line, black circle) observed in tomographic slices of specimens embedded in paraffin were confirmed to be the rhizoids by optical and electron microscopy. Comprehensive automatic segmentation of the rhizoids which appeared in different three form types in tomograms was tested by a method using Canny edge detector or machine learning. Accuracy of output images was evaluated by comparing with the manually-segmented ground truth images using measures such as F1 score and IoU, revealing that the automatic segmentation using the machine learning was more effective than that using Canny edge detector. Thus, machine learning-based skeletonized 3D model revealed quite dense distribution of rhizoids, which was similar to root system architecture in vascular plants. We successfully visualized the moss rhizoid system in 3D for the first time.

show abstract

How plants grow under gravity conditions besides 1 g: perspectives from hypergravity and space experiments that employ bryophytes as a model organism

Cited by 10 publications

References 85 publications

Plant Gravitropism and Signal Conversion under a Stress Environment of Altered Gravity

Plant Gravitropism and Signal Conversion under a Stress Environment of Altered Gravity

Three-dimensionally visualized rhizoid system of moss, Physcomitrium patens, by refraction-contrast X-ray micro-computed tomography

Three-dimensional visualization of moss rhizoid system by refraction-contrast X-ray micro-computed tomography

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