How People Make Their Own Environments: A Theory of Genotype Environment Effects

Scarr, Sandra; McCartney, Kathleen

doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1983.tb03884.x

Cited by 1,240 publications

(1,181 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Indeed, having a cannabis-using best friend also emerged as a strong risk factor in our sample, echoing previous findings on the role of peers in relation to early drug use exposure (Neumark et al, 2012;Pinchevsky et al, 2012). It is possible that the delinquent youth may have self-selected into these high-risk peer groups, thus actively seeking additional high-risk experiences such as drug use (Scarr and McCartney, 1983). This is certainly a possibility, especially because we observed that having a cannabis-using close friend did not additionally increase the risk for cannabis offers among highly delinquent youth.…”

Section: Cannabis Offerssupporting

confidence: 84%

“…This is an intriguing possibility, as the majority of those who were offered cannabis in our sample reported never having used cannabis at all -yet they in some way appeared to fit the profile of a (potential) user in the appraisal process of the individual(s) making the offer. Such a pattern would be consistent with an evocative interaction model (Scarr and McCartney, 1983), in which individuals through their behaviors and personal characteristics incite certain responses from their environment(s).…”

Section: Cannabis Offerssupporting

confidence: 73%

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Who receives cannabis use offers: A general population study of adolescents

Andreas¹,

Pape²

2015

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background: Drug use is predicated on a combination of "willingness" and "opportunity". That is, independent of any desire to use drugs, a drug use opportunity is required; be it indirect (i.e., being in a drug-use setting) or direct (i.e., receiving a direct drug offer). However, whether some youth are more likely to encounter such direct drug use opportunities is not fully known. Aims:We examined whether certain characteristics placed adolescents at greater risk for being offered cannabis, after accounting for a number of demographic-, contextual-, interpersonal-, and personal-level risk factors. Methods:We utilized data from a Norwegian school survey (N=19,309) where the likelihood of receiving cannabis offer in the past year was estimated using logistic regression models. Substantive focus was on the individual and combined effects of personal (i.e., delinquency) and interpersonal (i.e., cannabis-using close friend) risk factors. Separate models were fit for middle-and high-school students.Results: Delinquency was a significant risk factor for receiving cannabis offers, as was a cannabis-using best friend. In addition, peer cannabis use increased the risk of cannabis offers mostly for adolescents on the lower delinquency spectrum, but less so for highly-delinquent adolescents. These interaction effects were primarily driven by the middle-school cohort. Conclusions:Cannabis offers were more likely to be extended to youth of certain high-risk profiles.Targeted prevention strategies can therefore be extended to a general profile of younger adolescents with externalizing problems and cannabis-using peers.

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Section: Cannabis Offerssupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Cannabis Offerssupporting

confidence: 73%

Who receives cannabis use offers: A general population study of adolescents

Andreas¹,

Pape²

2015

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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“…This study identifies antisocial talk within adolescents' dyadic relationships as a process that fosters continuity, such that association with delinquent peers developed during formative years is a behavior that is likely to continue from one developmental period to another without intervention. Although the earlier the intervention the better the outcome, and intervening with children in preadolescence would be ideal, it is important to remember that adolescents actively shape their environment (Scarr & McCartney, 1983) and interventions can moderate the link between adolescent and young-adult problem behavior. The consequences of not intervening may be far reaching, for as the adolescents become autonomous from their families of origin and begin families of their own, partners and children are also affected.…”

Section: Implications For Application and Public Policymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Adolescent Friends, Romantic Partners, and Siblings in the Emergence of the Adult Antisocial Lifestyle.

Shortt¹,

Capaldi²,

Dishion³

et al. 2003

Journal of Family Psychology

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This study investigated the contribution of social processes in boys' adolescent relationships in 3 key domains-same-sex friends, cross-sex romantic partners, and younger siblings-to continued association with delinquent peers in young adulthood and, therefore, to continuance of an antisocial lifestyle. It was hypothesized that levels of negative interaction and antisocial talk observed during problem-solving discussions would be associated across the 3 domains. The influences of negative interactions and antisocial talk in the adolescent relationships on youngadult delinquent peer association were compared in 2 mediational models. It was posited that antisocial talk would be more predictive of continued association with delinquent peers than would negative interactions. Hypotheses were tested on an at-risk sample of young men (the Oregon Youth Study). Findings were generally in keeping with the hypotheses.Involvement with delinquent peers plays a critical role in the developmental trajectories of conduct-disordered children, regardless of age of onset of their problem behaviors (Moffitt, 1993;Patterson, Capaldi, & Bank, 1991), and has been associated with escalating delinquent behaviors (Elliott, Huizinga, & Ageton, 1985;Keenan, Loeber, & Green, 1999;Simons, Whitbeck, Conger, & Conger, 1991) and related problems such as substance abuse in adolescence (Dishion & Andrews, 1995). Thus far, little is known about the continuity of delinquent peer association and antisocial behavior from adolescence into young adulthood and the social processes that influence its continuity. The prevalence of delinquent behavior declines in late adolescence and young adulthood; however, continued interactions with delinquent peers have been associated with persistence in offending in young adulthood (Wiesner & Capaldi, 2001) and characterize a delinquent style of life (West & Farrington, 1977). Understanding the processes related to continued offending in adulthood is a critical issue and one for which we have sparse information. In this study, we investigated social processes embedded within key adolescent relationships that may influence the continuance of social risk context into adulthood and also continued association with delinquent peers. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptThe influences of two different social processes in these relationships, namely negative interactions (as previously learned within the family) and delinquency training (as previously learned within the peer group), were examined for their effect on young-adult delinquent peer association. Family NegativityChildren learn many of their social behaviors in their family of origin (e.g., Maccoby & Martin, 1983); thus, the family plays an important role in the development of peer relations (e.g., Parke & Ladd, 1992). Children socialized in family environments characterized by coercive exchanges and poor family management behaviors (e.g., inconsistent, ineffective discipline; poor monitoring and supervision), in which...

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“…This is referred to as an ''evocative'' gene-environment relation [Scarr and McCartney, 1983]. Impulsivity is actually a feasible transmission mechanism given its strong association to youth antisocial behavior and research suggesting a substantial genetic contribution to ADHD impulsivityhyperactivity symptoms [Levy et al, 1997;Luengo et al, 1994;Seroczynski et al, 1999].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A preliminary examination of the intergenerational continuity of maternal psychopathic features

Loney

Huntenburg

Allan

et al. 2006

Aggressive Behavior

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The study provided a preliminary test of the intergenerational continuity of maternal psychopathic features in a non-referred elementary aged sample of children. Consistent with dominant etiological models and recent behavioral genetics research, a direct association was expected between maternal and child affective features of psychopathy (i.e., callous-unemotional or CU traits). Potential mediators representative of alternative transmission mechanisms were assessed including parenting dysfunction, parental hostility/interpersonal insensitivity, and child impulsivity. Behavioral features of psychopathy were also assessed and were predicted to bear weaker and more indirect parent-child associations. A mixed sex sample of 83 children accompanied by a biological mother were administered a multi-informant rating-scale battery including separate parent (i.e., Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale) and child (i.e., Antisocial Process Screening Device) measures of psychopathy. Consistent with prediction, a significant association was documented between maternal and child CU traits (r 5 .22). Additionally, a slightly weaker association and statistical trend (r 5 .21) was observed in the relation between maternal and child interpersonal features of the psychopathy construct. Contrary to prediction, all documented associations were fully mediated by parental hostility and parenting dysfunction. Given the preliminary nature of study findings, implications for developmental modeling and future intergenerational continuity research are discussed. Aggr. Behav. 33:14-25, 2007. r

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How People Make Their Own Environments: A Theory of Genotype Environment Effects

Cited by 1,240 publications

References 17 publications

Who receives cannabis use offers: A general population study of adolescents

Who receives cannabis use offers: A general population study of adolescents

The Role of Adolescent Friends, Romantic Partners, and Siblings in the Emergence of the Adult Antisocial Lifestyle.

A preliminary examination of the intergenerational continuity of maternal psychopathic features

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