How novel are the chemical weapons of garlic mustard in North American forest understories?

Barto, E. Kathryn; Powell, Jeff R.; Cipollini, Don

doi:10.1007/s10530-010-9744-5

Cited by 59 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In contrast, A. petiolata in its native range failed to exhibit any inhibitory effect on mycorrhizal fungi . The study on phytochemicals produced by A. petiolata that suppressed the performance of native plant species further supports the novel weapon hypothesis (Barto et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 56%

“…The Novel weapon hypothesis postulates that invasive plants possess new biochemical weapons that function as strong allelopathic agents for new plant-soil-microbial interactions (Callaway & Ridenour, 2004;Callaway et al, 2008) and plant-soil feedback systems (Kardol et al, 2006;Kulmatiski & Kardol, 2008;Barto et al, 2010). Alliaria petiolata (M.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Role and influence of soil microbial communities on plant invasion

Ravi

Muthukumar

2017

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Abstract. It is known that plant invasions are of major concern as they result in loss of biodiversity and alterations in ecosystem processes and functions. Although numerous mechanisms have been postulated to find out the reasons behind plant invasiveness, the actual and precise mechanism is still obscure. Soil microbes are considered as one of the important determinants of plant growth and establishment. Plant invasion leads to changes in the composition and structure of soil microorganisms. Most of the earlier studies have focused on the aboveground mechanisms of plant invasion. Recently the belowground mechanisms for plant invasion are being investigated. In this review, we focus on the various hypotheses related to soil microbes in either enhancing or suppressing plant invasions. The interactions between soil microbes with native and non-native plant species, the role of the plant-soil feedback system in the invasion and its impact, the function of mycorrhizal and bacterial symbiosis in plant species invasion and the role of soil biota and changes brought about in soil nutrient cycling and soil enzymes due to plant invasion are also discussed.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role and influence of soil microbial communities on plant invasion

Ravi

Muthukumar

2017

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“…petiolata is one of the most aggressive invaders of forest understories, and like many exotic invasive species, appears to gain competitive advantages due to its evolutionary novelty in North America (37). In particular, A. petiolata produces secondary compounds novel to its introduced range that inhibit competitors by interfering with mycorrhizal mutualisms (38).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coevolution between invasive and native plants driven by chemical competition and soil biota

Lankau

2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

130

144

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Although reciprocal evolutionary responses between interacting species are a driving force behind the diversity of life, pairwise coevolution between plant competitors has received less attention than other species interactions and has been considered relatively less important in explaining ecological patterns. However, the success of species transported across biogeographic boundaries suggests a stronger role for evolutionary relationships in shaping plant interactions. Alliaria petiolata is a Eurasian species that has invaded North American forest understories, where it competes with native understory species in part by producing compounds that directly and indirectly slow the growth of competing species. Here I show that populations of A. petiolata from areas with a greater density of interspecific competitors invest more in a toxic allelochemical under common conditions. Furthermore, populations of a native competitor from areas with highly toxic invaders are more tolerant to competition from the invader, suggesting coevolutionary dynamics between the species. Field reciprocal transplants confirmed that native populations more tolerant to the invader had higher fitness when the invader was common, but these traits came at a cost when the invader was rare. Exotic species are often detrimentally dominant in their new range due to their evolutionary novelty; however, the development of new coevolutionary relationships may act to integrate exotic species into native communities.allelopathy | glucosinolates | mycorrhizae | Pilea pumila

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“…The diverse herbaceous understory of Trillium Trail contains 69 native herb species, of which *60% form AMF mutualisms (Hale, unpublished data). Importantly, the novel weapons produced by garlic mustard, including AITC, are not found in the native North American mustards (Feeny and Rosenberry 1982;Barto et al 2010a), including those that grow in our field site. At Trillium Trail, garlic mustard invasion of the forest was first noted in the early 1990s (L. Smith, West Penn Conservancy, pers.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low allelochemical concentrations detected in garlic mustard-invaded forest soils inhibit fungal growth and AMF spore germination

et al. 2011

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Garlic mustard's (Alliaria petiolata, Brassicaceae) invasive success is attributed in part to its release of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) into the soil. AITC can disrupt beneficial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associated with native plant roots, which limits their soil resource uptake. However, AITC and its precursor, sinigrin, have never been detected in garlic mustard-invaded forest soils. Here, we use high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to assess the concentration and bioactivity of these putative allelochemicals in paired forest plots uninvaded or invaded by garlic mustard. Our methods detected AITC and sinigrin only where garlic mustard was present and our recovery of AITC/sinigrin coincided with adult senescence. A bioassay of in situ fungal hyphae abundance revealed significantly reduced hyphal abundance in the presence of garlic mustard relative to uninvaded soils. Finally, the lowest concentration of AITC measured in the field (*0.001 mM) is highly inhibitory to the spore germination of a forest AMF species, Glomus clarum. Together, our data provide the first direct evidence of garlic mustard-produced sinigrin and AITC in forest soils and demonstrate that even low levels of these chemicals have the potential to significantly suppress AMF growth and spore germination, strengthening their status as allelopathic novel weapons.

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How novel are the chemical weapons of garlic mustard in North American forest understories?

Cited by 59 publications

References 36 publications

Role and influence of soil microbial communities on plant invasion

Role and influence of soil microbial communities on plant invasion

Coevolution between invasive and native plants driven by chemical competition and soil biota

Low allelochemical concentrations detected in garlic mustard-invaded forest soils inhibit fungal growth and AMF spore germination

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