How much melanoma is not caused by sun exposure?

Armstrong, B. K.

doi:10.1097/00008390-199303000-00024

Cited by 125 publications

(142 citation statements)

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“…The proportion of melanoma attributed to sun exposure has been estimated to more than 90 % in Australia, Canada, Nordic countries, Switzerland, and the USA [5,72,98,245] and between 78 and 90 % in several other European countries [5] including the UK with a recent estimate of 86 % of melanoma due to sun exposure [192].…”

Section: Sun Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Melanoma Epidemiology and Prevention

Berwick

Buller

Cust

et al. 2015

Cancer Treatment and Research

122

121

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The epidemiology of melanoma is complex, and individual risk depends on sun exposure, host factors, and genetic factors, and in their interactions as well. Sun exposure can be classified as intermittent, chronic, or cumulative (overall) exposure, and each appears to have a different effect on type of melanoma. Other environmental factors, such as chemical exposures-either through occupation, atmosphere, or food-may increase risk for melanoma, and this area warrants further study. Host factors that are well known to be important are the numbers and types of nevi and the skin phenotype. Genetic factors are classified as

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Section: Sun Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Melanoma Epidemiology and Prevention

Berwick

Buller

Cust

et al. 2015

Cancer Treatment and Research

122

121

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“…1 Genetic factors, exposure to UV radiation, and a history of sunburn all contribute to risk of skin cancer, [2][3][4][5][6][7] but most skin cancers are caused by exposure to UV radiation, either from the sun or from artificial sources such as indoor tanning devices (tanning beds, booths, and sun lamps), and are therefore preventable. 1,[8][9][10][11] Indoor tanning has been proven to increase the risk of developing squamous and basal cell carcinoma and melanoma. 1,3,12,13 There are an estimated 3.5 million cases of basal and squamous cell carcinomas in the U.S. annually, and the incidence is increasing worldwide.…”

Section: Indoor Tanning and Cancer Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preventing Skin Cancer Through Reduction of Indoor Tanning

Watson

Holman

Fox³

et al. 2013

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

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Exposure to ultraviolet radiation from indoor tanning devices (tanning beds, booths, and sun lamps) or from the sun contributes to the risk of skin cancer, including melanoma, which is the type of skin cancer responsible for most deaths. Indoor tanning is common among certain groups, especially among older adolescents and young adults, adolescent girls and young women, and non-Hispanic whites. Increased understanding of the health risks associated with indoor tanning has led to many efforts to reduce use. Most environmental and systems efforts in the U.S. (e.g., age limits or requiring parental consent/accompaniment) have occurred at the state level. At the national level, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the Federal Trade Commission regulate indoor tanning devices and advertising, respectively.The current paper provides a brief review of (1) the evidence on indoor tanning as a risk factor for skin cancer; (2) factors that may influence use of indoor tanning devices at the population level; and (3) various environmental and systems options available for consideration when developing strategies to reduce indoor tanning. This information provides the context and background for the companion paper in this issue of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, which summarizes highlights from an informal expert meeting convened by the CDC in August 2012 to identify opportunities to prevent skin cancer by reducing use of indoor tanning devices.

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“…Ultraviolet (UV) exposure is the primary and preventable risk factor for skin cancer [12][13][14]. Indoor UV tanning appears responsible for part of the rise over the past several decades among young women [15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indoor tanning promotions on social media in six US cities #UVTanning #tanning

Ricklefs

Asdigian

Kalra

et al. 2016

Behav. Med. Pract. Policy Res.

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There is no research investigating indoor tanning advertising on social media. We assessed the use of social media to promote indoor tanning. We subscribed to social media platforms in six US cities and contentanalyzed promotional messages received. We captured 662 messages on Twitter and Facebook, through salon emails, and in daily deal coupons. Salon postings were most frequent on Twitter and Facebook, with an average of 2-3 postings per week. National chains posted more frequently than local businesses. Forty percent of messages were devoid of tanning content and included photos, jokes, or popular references. Thirty percent mentioned price reductions, and 28 % referenced an upcoming holiday. Sunless tanning (17 %) was promoted more often than ultraviolet tanning (9 %). Tanning salons actively use social media as a strategy for maintaining relationships with customers and offer pricing deals that promote loyalty and high-frequency tanning. KeywordsIndoor tanning, Skin cancer, Social media, Advertising BACKGROUND Skin cancer incidence is rising and is increasingly affecting adolescents and young adults, creating a profound social and economic burden in the USA [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Ultraviolet (UV) exposure is the primary and preventable risk factor for skin cancer [12][13][14]. Indoor UV tanning appears responsible for part of the rise over the past several decades among young women [15,16]. More frequent use, use of higher intensity devices, and use over longer periods of time have all been linked to elevated melanoma risk [15,16].The annual prevalence of indoor tanning in the USA is highest among non-Hispanic white women between the ages of 18-21 (32 %) and 22-25 (30 %) [17]. Two thirds (68 %) of 18-21-year-old non-Hispanic white women who use indoor tanning report frequent use (10 or more indoor tanning sessions per year), with an average of nearly 28 indoor tanning sessions per year [17]. These and other data suggest that reducing indoor tanning use among young adults is a public health imperative [18][19][20]. Indeed, the Surgeon General released a BCall to Action^in 2014 highlighting skin

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How much melanoma is not caused by sun exposure?

Cited by 125 publications

References 0 publications

Melanoma Epidemiology and Prevention

Melanoma Epidemiology and Prevention

Preventing Skin Cancer Through Reduction of Indoor Tanning

Indoor tanning promotions on social media in six US cities #UVTanning #tanning

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