“…Incidental learning results in learning small numbers of strongly known words and reasonable numbers of words at various strengths of knowledge (Pellicer-Sánchez & Schmitt, 2010;Pigada & Schmitt, 2006;Waring & Takaki, 2003). Repetition has a strong effect on learning from reading, and the small amounts of strongly known words learned can become large amounts with substantial quantities of reading (Nagy, Herman & Anderson, 1985;Nation, 2014a). Adding a deliberate element to the learning greatly increases learning (Fraser, 1999;Mondria, 2003;Paribakht & Wesche, 1993;Sonbul & Schmitt, 2009), with vocabulary exercises having a stronger effect than dictionary look-up (Laufer & Rozovski-Roitblatt, 2011).…”