How much does a schwa weigh?

Kinkade, M. Dale

doi:10.1515/9783110801255.197

Cited by 27 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…As observed in Kinkade (1998), clusters of a consonant and a sonorant (/m, n, l, w, y/) are generally broken up by schwa, irrespective of the sonorant's syllabic position. 3 When unstressed, such schwa is considered as excrescent, i.e.…”

Section: Preliminaries: Sonorants and Schwa In Uchmentioning

confidence: 76%

Lateral deletion and more or less excrescent schwa in Upper Chehalis

Rowicka

2002

AVT

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Section: Preliminaries: Sonorants and Schwa In Uchmentioning

confidence: 76%

Lateral deletion and more or less excrescent schwa in Upper Chehalis

Rowicka

2002

AVT

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“…For redundancy there should be second a battery pack with the same size. With the use of the 100-kWh battery from Tesla, which has a mass of 625 kg 52 , and a factor of 1.2 for aging and recharging this results in a mass of 9 MT for the batteries in total. Here as well, a 5% margin is assumed.…”

Section: Starship System Massmentioning

confidence: 99%

About feasibility of SpaceX's human exploration Mars mission scenario with Starship

Maiwald,

Bauerfeind,

Fälker

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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After decades where human spaceflight missions have been reserved to low Earth orbit, recent years have seen mission proposals and even implemented plans, e.g. with the mission Artemis I, for returning to the lunar surface. SpaceX has published over various media (e.g., its official website, conference presentations, user manual) conceptual information for its reusable Starship to enable human exploration missions to the Martian surface by the end of the decade. The technological and human challenges associated with these plans are daunting. Such a mission at that distance would require excellent system reliability and in-situ-resource utilization on a grand scale, e.g. to produce propellant. The plans contain little details however and have not yet been reviewed concerning their feasibility. In this paper we show significant technological gaps in these plans. Based on estimates and extrapolated data, a mass model as needed to fulfill SpaceX’s plans could not be reproduced and the subsequent trajectory optimization showed that the current plans do not yield a return flight opportunity, due to a too large system mass. Furthermore, significant gaps exist in relevant technologies, e.g. power supply for the Martian surface. It is unlikely that these gaps can be closed until the end of the decade. We recommend several remedies, e.g. stronger international participation to distribute technology development and thus improve feasibility. Overall, with the limited information published by SpaceX about its system and mission scenario and extrapolation from us to fill information gaps, we were not able to find a feasible Mars mission scenario using Starship, even when assuming optimal conditions such as 100% recovery rate of crew consumables during flight.

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“…Are there other languages besides Tongan where weak and full vowels plausibly occur in actual, optimal surface forms? In several languages, some or all schwas have been analyzed as non-moraic, which is akin to our category of 'weak' (e.g., German: Féry 1991; Kabardian: Peterson 2007; Salish languages: (Kinkade 1998) A possible case that does not have to do with moraicity is Japanese, as discussed in section 1. To recap, Kubozono (2006Kubozono ( : 1147 shows that epenthetic loan vowels are treated differently, repelling pitch accent: English /pléɪ/ 'play' is adapted as /purée/, but English /pʊ́ɾɪŋ/ 'pudding' as /púriN/.…”

Section: More On the Full/weak Distinctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In several languages, some or all schwas have been analysed as non-moraic, akin to our category of 'weak' (e.g. German: Féry 1991; Kabardian: Peterson 2007; Salish languages: Kinkade 1998). A possible case that does not have to do with moraicity is Japanese, as discussed in §1.…”

Section: Vowel Deletionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-native contrasts in Tongan loans

2019

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We present three case studies of marginal contrasts in Tongan loans from English, working with data from three speakers. Although Tongan lacks contrasts in stress or in CC vs. CVC sequences, secondary stress in loans is contrastive, and is sensitive to whether a vowel has a correspondent in the English source word; vowel deletion is also sensitive to whether a vowel is epenthetic as compared to the English source; and final vowel length is sensitive to whether the penultimate vowel is epenthetic, and if not, whether it corresponds to a stressed or unstressed vowel in the English source. We provide an analysis in the multilevel model of Boersma (1998) and Boersma & Hamann (2009), and show that the loan patterns can be captured using only constraints that plausibly are needed for native-word phonology, including constraints that reflect perceptual strategies.

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How much does a schwa weigh?

Cited by 27 publications

References 0 publications

Lateral deletion and more or less excrescent schwa in Upper Chehalis

Lateral deletion and more or less excrescent schwa in Upper Chehalis

About feasibility of SpaceX's human exploration Mars mission scenario with Starship

Non-native contrasts in Tongan loans

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