How much Biodiversity is in Natura 2000? : the “Umbrella Effect” of the European Natura 2000 protected area network : technical report

Sluis, T. van der; Foppen, R.P.B.; Gillings, Simon; Groen, T.A.; Henkens, R.J.H.G.; Hennekens, S.M.; Huskens, K.; Noble, David G.; Ottburg, F.G.W.A.; Santini, Luca; Sierdsema, H.; Kleunen, A. van; Schaminée, J.H.J.; Swaay, Chris van; Toxopeus, Bert; Vries, M.F. Wallis de; Jones-Walters, Lawrence

doi:10.18174/385797

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…This result suggests a proper designation of the N2000 network and that these sites are of overall high conservation importance. Several previous studies at the European scale on mammals and birds also showed that the majority of species (both target and non‐target) seems to be well covered by the current extent of the N2000 network (Maiorano et al., ; Trochet & Schmeller, ; Van der Sluis et al., ), but see Albuquerque, Assunção‐Albuquerque, Cayuelac, Zamoraa, and Benitoa (). For insects and other invertebrates, only regional assessments have been performed and their results are equivocal (D'Amen et al., ; Guareschi et al., ; Hernandez‐Manrique, Numa, Verdu, Galante, & Lobo, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Several studies already investigated the effectiveness of designation, that is, how well the N2000 network covers the distribution of threatened species or the diversity of certain taxonomic groups (e.g., D'Amen et al., ; Guareschi, Bilton, Velasco, Millán, & Abellán, ; Maiorano et al., ; Trochet & Schmeller, ; Van der Sluis et al., ; Verovnik, Govedič, & Šalamun, ). These studies conclude that, with a few exceptions, the coverage of biodiversity is largely satisfactory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Protected areas do not mitigate biodiversity declines: A case study on butterflies

Rada

Schweiger

Alexander

et al. 2018

Diversity and Distributions

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Aim To assess the effectiveness of protected areas in preventing biodiversity decline. We first test whether species richness of butterfly assemblages is higher within European Natura 2000 (N2000) sites than in their surroundings. We then assess temporal trends in butterfly richness and test whether these trends differ inside and outside the N2000 network. Location Germany, Europe. Methods We utilized generalized linear mixed‐effects models (GLMM) to analyse an 11‐year data series on species richness of butterfly assemblages collected on 245 transects across Germany, located inside and outside N2000 sites, and comprising a total of 122 butterfly species. Results Butterfly species richness was highest inside N2000 protected areas, while outside it constantly declined with increasing distance from N2000 sites. We found an overall decline in species richness by 10% within 11 years. This decline neither differed between transects located inside or outside the N2000 network nor varied with distance from N2000 sites. Main conclusions The higher species richness inside the N2000 network underlines their proper designation and their potential for the conservation of biodiversity. However, the current negative trend in butterfly species richness across Germany is not mitigated by the N2000 network, and we assume insufficient management or measures targeted at other organisms than butterflies as potential reasons.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protected areas do not mitigate biodiversity declines: A case study on butterflies

Rada

Schweiger

Alexander

et al. 2018

Diversity and Distributions

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“…Van Der Sluis et al. (2016) showed that a greater proportion of targeted and nontargeted plants, birds, butterflies, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians species occur inside than outside N2000, but little is known about the relative abundance of nontarget species inside versus outside N2000 because they focused mainly on species richness.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Natura 2000 on nontarget bird and butterfly species based on citizen science data

Pellissier

Schmucki

Pe’er

et al. 2020

Conservation Biology

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The European Union's Natura 2000 (N2000) is among the largest international networks of protected areas. One of its aims is to secure the status of a predetermined set of (targeted) bird and butterfly species. However, nontarget species may also benefit from N2000. We evaluated how the terrestrial component of this network affects the abundance of nontargeted, more common bird and butterfly species based on data from longterm volunteer-based monitoring programs in 9602 sites for birds and 2001 sites for butterflies. In almost half of the 155 bird species assessed, and particularly among woodland specialists, abundance increased (slope estimates ranged from 0.101 [SD 0.042] to 3.51 [SD 1.30]) as the proportion of landscape covered by N2000 sites increased. This positive relationship existed for 27 of the 104 butterfly species (estimates ranged from 0.382 [SD 0.163] to 4.28 [SD 0.768]), although most butterflies were generalists. For most species, when land-cover covariates were accounted for these positive relationships were not evident, meaning land cover may be a determinant of positive effects of the N2000 network. The increase in abundance as N2000 coverage increased correlated with the specialization index for birds, but not for butterflies. Although the N2000 network supports high abundance of a large spectrum of species, the low number of specialist butterflies with a positive association with the N2000 network shows the need to improve the habitat quality of N2000 sites that could harbor open-land butterfly specialists. For a better understanding of the processes involved, we advocate for standardized collection of data at N2000 sites.

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“…Conversely, 81% of the 49 species of threatened birds were listed in the annexes I and II of the Birds Directive (Table 1). 28 . CR = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable; NT = Near Threatened; LC = Least Concern; NE = Not evaluated; DD = Data deficient.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Realising the potential of Natura 2000 to achieve EU conservation goals as 2020 approaches

Hermoso

Morán-Ordóñez

Canessa

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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In the last decades the EU has made substantial efforts implementing conservation strategies to halt biodiversity loss. However, little improvement has been reported. Given the proximity of the 2020 landmark set by the EU Biodiversity Strategy and the Convention for Biological Diversity, alternatives to reduce this conservation gap and prospect future strategies must be assessed urgently. Here, we explore how the current Natura 2000 could be used to enhance management of terrestrial and freshwater threatened vertebrates. We identified Natura 2000 sites to increase the coverage of threatened species as target species under two alternative scenarios: a policy-driven approach including only threatened vertebrates listed in the Directives; and a conservation-driven approach, including all the remaining threatened vertebrates. We show that representation of threatened vertebrates in Natura 2000 could be improved by updating lists of target species in less than 1% and 3% of sites in the policy-driven and conservation-driven scenarios, respectively. We highlight the strength of Natura 2000, with sites that complement each other and could contribute to achieving more ambitious conservation targets under future strategies. Prioritisation exercises like this could help realise the potential of this network and enhance the management of threatened species and improve current gaps.

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How much Biodiversity is in Natura 2000? : the “Umbrella Effect” of the European Natura 2000 protected area network : technical report

Cited by 16 publications

References 27 publications

Protected areas do not mitigate biodiversity declines: A case study on butterflies

Protected areas do not mitigate biodiversity declines: A case study on butterflies

Effects of Natura 2000 on nontarget bird and butterfly species based on citizen science data

Realising the potential of Natura 2000 to achieve EU conservation goals as 2020 approaches

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