How Mechanical Forces Shape Plant Organs

Trinh, Duy-Chi; Alonso‐Serra, Juan; Asaoka, Mariko; Colin, Léia; Cortes, Matthieu; Malivert, Alice; Takatani, Shogo; Zhao, Feng; Traas, Jan; Tréhin, Christophe; Hamant, Olivier

doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.001

Cited by 84 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 153 publications

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“…Samples with identical letters do not significantly differ (a = 0.05). (30)(31)(32). In contrast to what we have learned about this process in surface cell layers (33)(34)(35), it is still not clear how mechanical conflicts generated during differential growth in deep lying plant tissues are integrated and translated into a developmental output and if similar mechanisms are at play.…”

Section: Map70-5 Affects Lrp Formation In a Non-cell Autonomous Mannermentioning

confidence: 99%

Microtubule-based perception of mechanical conflicts controls plant organ morphogenesis

Stöckle

Reyes-Hernández

Vilches-Barro

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Precise coordination between cells and tissues is essential for differential growth in plants. During lateral root formation in Arabidopsis thaliana, the endodermis is actively remodeled to allow outgrowth of the new organ. Here, we show that microtubule arrays facing lateral root founder cells display a higher order compared to arrays on the opposite wall of the same cell, and this asymmetry is required for endodermal remodeling and lateral root initiation. We identify that MICROTUBULE ASSOCIATED PROTEIN 70-5 is necessary for the establishment of this spatially defined microtubule organization and endodermis remodeling, and thus contributes to lateral root morphogenesis. We propose that MAP70-5 and cortical microtubule arrays in the endodermis integrate the mechanical signals generated by lateral root outgrowth, facilitating the channeling of organogenesis.

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Section: Map70-5 Affects Lrp Formation In a Non-cell Autonomous Mannermentioning

confidence: 99%

Microtubule-based perception of mechanical conflicts controls plant organ morphogenesis

Stöckle

Reyes-Hernández

Vilches-Barro

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…When water loss occurs during the day, the fruit shrinks (an elastic and reversible adjustment) to maintain its positive turgor pressure ( Lechaudel et al, 2007 ; Jones and Syvertsen, 2011 ), and then it re-expands at night. Fruit expansion during growth requires plastic adjustment, which is an irreversible deformation of the cell walls, and is a function of cell-wall extensibility and turgor pressure ( Lockhart, 1965 ; Trinh et al, 2021 ). Because the spherical organ shape does not provide any directional bias (i.e., cell structural elements), the mechanical signals are limited to stress intensity, resulting in continuous cell expansion until ripening, which approaches the limit of epidermal strength—as observed in fleshy fruit ( Azzi et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pomegranate Fruit Growth and Skin Characteristics in Hot and Dry Climate

2021

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Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit is well known for its health-beneficial metabolites. The pomegranate peel consists of an inner thick spongy white tissue, and an outer smooth skin layer that accumulates anthocyanins in red cultivars when ripe. The skin is made up of epidermis cells covered by a cuticle, the latter being the first target of cracking and russeting. The present study focuses on the effect of Israel’s hot and dry climate on pomegranate growth, to elucidate the derived effects on fruit skin characteristics and its putative resistance to the building pressure from fruit expansion. Experiments were conducted for four years, in four orchards located in different regions of the country, each with a different typical microclimate. Fruit-growth parameters were followed using remote-sensing tools, microscopic study, and mineral analysis of the skin, followed by determination of the peel’s elastic modulus. Fruit expanded in two phases: a short rapid phase followed by a gradual phase with a sigmoidal growth-rate pattern. Extreme hot and dry climate during the period of maximal growth rate was associated with restricted growth and a high proportion of small-size fruit. Anatomical study indicated that the skin of mature pomegranate fruit is made up of epidermal cells that are relatively flat and spaced apart, and is expected to be less durable against internal pressure. In contrast, skin of early immature fruit has two layers of dense and rounded epidermis, and is expected to be more resistant to cracking. Tensile strength studies confirmed this trend—skin of mature fruit had a lower elastic modulus than young fruit. However, restrained growth due to extreme environmental cues may result in better resistance of the mature pomegranate fruit to cracking, and in better skin quality and appearance, albeit small fruits. On the other hand, temperate climate at the beginning of the growth period, which allows high growth rate and high daily shrinkage, leads to pomegranate skin disorders.

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“…Cell mechanobiology includes the study of mechanical properties of cell constituents and the forces applied to or generated by cells and their microenvironment (Bidhendi & Geitmann 2019). Plant cells perceive and respond to multiple external or internal forces important for their growth, survival, and development (Monshausen & Haswell 2013; Trinh et al . 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions between a mechanosensitive channel and cell wall integrity signaling influence pollen germination inArabidopsis thaliana

Wang

Coomey

Miller

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Cells employ multiple systems to maintain cellular integrity, including mechanosensitive (MS) ion channels and the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway. Here, we use pollen as a model system to ask how these different mechanisms are interconnected at the cellular level. MscS-Like (MSL)8 is an MS channel required to protect Arabidopsis thaliana pollen from osmotic challenges during in vitro rehydration, germination and tube growth. New CRISPR/Cas9 and artificial microRNA-generated msl8 alleles produced unexpected pollen phenotypes, including the ability to germinate a tube after bursting, dramatic defects in cell wall structure and disorganized callose deposition at the germination site. We document complex genetic interactions between MSL8 and two previously established components of the CWI pathway, MARIS, and ANXUR1/2. Overexpression of MARISR240C-FP suppressed the bursting, germination, and callose deposition phenotypes of msl8 mutant pollen. Null msl8 alleles suppressed the internalized callose structures observed in MARISR240C-FP lines. Similarly, MSL8-YFP overexpression suppressed bursting in the anxur1/2 mutant background, while anxur1/2 alleles reduced the strong rings of callose around ungerminated pollen grains in MSL8-YFP over-expressors. These data show that MS ion channels modulate callose deposition in pollen and provides evidence that cell wall and membrane surveillance systems coordinate in a complex manner to maintain cell integrity.

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How Mechanical Forces Shape Plant Organs

Cited by 84 publications

References 153 publications

Microtubule-based perception of mechanical conflicts controls plant organ morphogenesis

Microtubule-based perception of mechanical conflicts controls plant organ morphogenesis

Pomegranate Fruit Growth and Skin Characteristics in Hot and Dry Climate

Interactions between a mechanosensitive channel and cell wall integrity signaling influence pollen germination inArabidopsis thaliana

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