How many species ofHipposideroshave occurred on Madagascar since the Late Pleistocene?

Abstract

Populations of the Malagasy Hipposideros commersoni (family Hipposideridae) are threatened by deforestation and hunting. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analysis of 148 cytochrome b sequences found this species to be paraphyletic and composed of three well-supported monophyletic clades. Clades B and C form a monophyletic lineage that can be referred to H. commersoni; these two clades are separated by 6% sequence variation. Clade A represents a distinct evolutionary lineage separate (9-11% average sequence divergence) from H. commersoni (clades B and C) and is named herein as a new species, Hipposideros cryptovalorona sp. nov. In the phylogeny presented herein, this species is strongly associated with the outgroup taxa Hipposideros gigas and Hipposideros vittatus, both restricted to Africa. External, cranial and dental measurements taken from the same individuals used in the molecular study indicate no clear distinction in morphology amongst these three clades; this includes noseleaf structure and craniodental characteristics. Principal component analyses showed limited separation of the three clades. Comparison to a Quaternary fossil species from north-west Madagascar, Hipposideros besaoka, found little morphological overlap between any of the three clades and this extinct species. Hence, at least three species of Hipposideros have occurred on Madagascar since the Late Pleistocene, two extant (H. commersoni s.s. and H. cryptovalorona sp. nov.) and one extinct (H. besaoka).

Evolutionary relationships and population genetics of the Afrotropical leaf-nosed bats (Chiroptera, Hipposideridae)

“…Allen,1917; †Hipposideros (Pseudorhinolophus) amenhotepos Gunnell, Winkler, Miller, Head, El-Barkooky, Gawad, Sanders & Gingerich, 2015; Phyllorhina angolensis Seabra, 1898; Hipposideros caffer var. aurantiaca De Beaux, 1924; Hipposideros beatus K. Andersen, 1906;†Hipposideros besaoka Samonds, 2007; Phyllorrhina bicornis Heuglin, 1861; Hipposideros braima Monard, 1939;Hipposideros caffer Sundevall, 1846; Phyllorhina caffra Peters, 1852; Hipposideros camerunensis Eisentraut, 1956; Hipposideros caffer centralis K. Andersen, 1906;Rhinolophus Commersonii É. Geoffroy, 1813; Hipposideros cryptovalorona Goodman, Schoeman, Rakotoarivelo & Willows-Munro, 2016; Hipposideros curtus G. M. Allen, 1921; Phyllorrhina cyclops Temminck, 1853; Phyllorrhina fuliginosa Temminck, 1853; Hipposideros gigas gambiensis K. Andersen, 1906;Rhinolophus gigas Wagner, 1845; Phyllorrhina gracilis Peters, 1852; Hipposideros caffer guineensis K. Andersen, 1906;Hipposideros jonesi Hayman, 1947;†Hipposideros kaumbului Wesselman, 1984;Hipposideros lamottei Brosset, 1985; Hipposideros langi J. A.…”

Phylogeography and population genetics of Macronycteris commersonii s.s. (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae), an endemic Malagasy bat

“…Subsequent biogeographic and phylogeographic patterns of species are driven in part by the landscape and climatic heterogeneity of the island (Pearson and Raxworthy, 2009;Vences et al, 2009;Wilmé et al, 2006). Additionally, differences in modes of dispersal and habitat requirements amongst flying Malagasy vertebrates result in different biogeographic and phylogeographic patterns (e.g., for birds see Cruaud et al, 2011;Fuchs et al, 2007Fuchs et al, , 2013for bats see Chan et al, 2011;Goodman et al, 2010aGoodman et al, , 2010bGoodman et al, , 2016Lamb et al, 2012;Ratrimomanarivo et al, 2007Ratrimomanarivo et al, , 2008Ratrimomanarivo et al, , 2009aRatrimomanarivo et al, , 2009bRussell, 2007Russell, , 2008aRussell, , 2008bWeyeneth et al, 2011). These different factors make Madagascar an excellent model system for testing and contrasting the process of species diversification and fine-scale spatial patterning across different lineages.…”

“…There is evidence that M. commersonii exhibits morphological and bioacoustic variation across its geographical range; this includes sexual dimorphism, where males are significantly larger than females; both of these parameters show a clinal pattern correlated with latitude (Ranivo and Goodman, 2007;Ramasindrazana et al, 2015). For details on the complex taxonomic history of M. commersonii sensu lato, which previously included some African populations, see Goodman et al (2016). Herein, we consider this species endemic to Madagascar.…”

Karyotypic Evolution in Malagasy Flying Foxes (Pteropodidae, Chiroptera) and Their Hipposiderid Relatives as Determined by Comparative Chromosome Painting

“…forearm length) and/or echolocation characteristics [Monadjem et al, 2010;Goodman 2011]. On the basis of molecular genetic analyses conducted by A. Rakotoarivelo and S. Willows-Munro, the 2 specimens of H. commersoni (FMNH 209110 and 213588) used in the current study represent H. commersoni s.s. rather than a cryptic species currently being described as new to science [Goodman et al, 2016]. Metaphases were obtained from bone marrow preparations or were harvested from actively growing fibroblast cell lines that were established from tail and/or wing membrane biopsies using the methods of Volleth et al [2009].…”

“…The Malagasy hipposiderid fauna comprises at least 2 endemic species: Hipposideros commersoni s.s., and Hipposideros cryptovalorona [Rakotoarivelo et al, 2015;Goodman et al, 2016], taking into account the recent transfer of Paratriaenops auritus , P . furculus , and Triaenops menamena into the family Rhinonycteridae [Foley et al, 2015].…”