How laminar frontal cortex and basal ganglia circuits interact to control planned and reactive saccades

Dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic value systems in conditioning and outcome-specific revaluation

“…After the threshold is exceeded, a saccade is made to the stimulus associated with the winning ORB cell. Mechanisms detailed by Brown et al (2004) in the TELOS model explain how saccadic targets are selected by the frontal eye fields (FEF). In TELOS, object category-selective FEF cells receive ITA inputs and can be modulated by motivational signals from the ORB, thereby biasing the selection of saccadic targets and influencing saccadic reaction times.…”

Neural dynamics of saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movement coordination during visual tracking of unpredictably moving targets

“…Mutual inhibition helps choose the winner. Thus, this interaction results in a choice that is controlled by a cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop (Basso & Wurtz, 2002;Brown et al, 2004). Its value is calculated as:…”

“…Existing models of saccadic eye movement (Brown, Bullock, & Grossberg, 2004;Dominey & Arbib, 1992;Droulez & Berthoz, 1991;Gancarz & Grossberg, 1999;Grossberg & Kuperstein, 1986;Grossberg, Roberts, Aguilar, & Bullock, 1997;Optican & Quaia, 2002;Waitzman, Ma, Optican, & Wurtz, 1991) exclusively treat the control of saccades. The Grossberg et al (1997) model predicts how a multi-modal map is learned in superior colliculus (SC), such that visual, auditory and planned representations of target positions become aligned in retinal coordinates.…”

“…The Grossberg et al (1997) model predicts how a multi-modal map is learned in superior colliculus (SC), such that visual, auditory and planned representations of target positions become aligned in retinal coordinates. It and Brown et al (2004) also treat how voluntary gating by substantia nigra determines whether excitation of an SC map locus leads to genesis of a corresponding saccade. Gancarz and Grossberg (1999) proposed how several brain regions work together to control and adapt saccades in response to different conditions, notably how the cerebellum (CBM) adapts saccadic gain in a context-sensitive way.…”

“…By manipulating the size of the step and/or the speed of the ramp motion, the paradigm induces a monkey to initiate a catch-up saccade or to begin pursuit without an initial saccade. Notably, catch-up saccades depend on both the target's step size and ramp speed thereafter (de Brouwer, Missal, Barnes, & Lefevre, 2002;de Brouwer, Missal, & Lefevre, 2001;de Brouwer, Yuksel, Blohm, Missal, & Lefevre, 2002).Existing models of saccadic eye movement (Brown, Bullock, & Grossberg, 2004;Dominey & Arbib, 1992;Droulez & Berthoz, 1991;Gancarz & Grossberg, 1999;Grossberg & Kuperstein, 1986;Grossberg, Roberts, Aguilar, & Bullock, 1997;Optican & Quaia, 2002;Waitzman, Ma, Optican, & Wurtz, 1991) exclusively treat the control of saccades. The Grossberg et al (1997) model predicts how a multi-modal map is learned in superior colliculus (SC), such that visual, auditory and planned representations of target positions become aligned in retinal coordinates.…”