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Consumer discrimination against meat products from animals treated with hormones has provided the impetus to investigate alternative ways of boosting feed conversion efficiency and growth rates of animals and to manipulate the reproductive capacity of animals. In view of the longevity of the immune response to specific antigens and the realization that antibodies are capable of neutralizing or mimicking the actions of hormones, vaccination techniques have been explored as alternatives to hormone administration to boost animal productivity. To date, only two commercial vaccines are available to improve the efficiency of production, although neither is related to the stimulation of growth efficiency: Fecundin (registered product, Glaxo Pty Ltd) is designed to improve lambing percentages, and Vaxstrate (registered product, Arthur Webster & Co.) to prevent reproductive activity. In this review, recent advances in vaccine development are explored together with some of the problems encountered in research in this field.
Consumer discrimination against meat products from animals treated with hormones has provided the impetus to investigate alternative ways of boosting feed conversion efficiency and growth rates of animals and to manipulate the reproductive capacity of animals. In view of the longevity of the immune response to specific antigens and the realization that antibodies are capable of neutralizing or mimicking the actions of hormones, vaccination techniques have been explored as alternatives to hormone administration to boost animal productivity. To date, only two commercial vaccines are available to improve the efficiency of production, although neither is related to the stimulation of growth efficiency: Fecundin (registered product, Glaxo Pty Ltd) is designed to improve lambing percentages, and Vaxstrate (registered product, Arthur Webster & Co.) to prevent reproductive activity. In this review, recent advances in vaccine development are explored together with some of the problems encountered in research in this field.
Current evidence for the involvement of cell-mediated immunological mechanisms in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus is reviewed. Both a spatial and temporal relationship between cytotoxic T Lymphocytes and epithelial damage have been reported. Although keratinocytes appear to be the target for destruction in oral lichen planus, their role in antigen presentation is unclear. We propose that in oral lichen planus patients, diverse exogenous agents such as drugs, trauma and infection, stimulate the expression of a common self molecule by oral mucosal keratinocytes. An autoimmune reaction by cytotoxic T lymphocytes to these activated keratinocytes may result in the tissue destruction which is characteristic of oral lichen planus.
To assess cellular immunity in oral lichen planus (OLP), peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained from 19 OLP patients and 30 control subjects. The proportions of circulating CD45RA+ and CD29+ lymphocyte subsets were determined. The proliferative activity of PBMC to the non-specific plant mitogens phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) was examined together with the spontaneous proliferative response and the response in the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR). In the OLP group, the proportion of CD4+ CD45RA+ T lymphocytes was significantly less than control subjects and the proportion of CD4+ CD29+ T lymphocytes was increased significantly. The proliferative response to PHA was similar in OLP and controls subjects. Con A-stimulated PBMC proliferation was decreased significantly in the OLP group. Spontaneous PBMC proliferation in patients with non-reticular lesions was significantly less than control subjects. Despite a mildly depressed response in the AMLR in OLP patients, this result was not statistically significant. Results of the phenotypic analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes indicate a decreased proportion of naive T cells and an increased proportion of primed memory T cells, although the antigen specificity of these memory cells remains to be determined. Results of the functional assays would seem to reflect this phenotypic shift, and as T cells responding to Con A stimulation and in the AMLR possess suppressor-inducer activity, these results may also suggest an association between OLP and defective innate T cell-mediated suppressor circuits.
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