“…As several scholars have pointed out, under certain conditions, sample structure may lead to a conflation of distance with level effects (Brouthers et al, 2016;van Hoorn & Maseland, 2016, but see also Edwards, 2001Edwards, , 2002 for a more general discussion on difference scores). When estimating distance effects empirically, it is critical to include multiple home and multiple host countries and control for level effects.…”