How house design affects malaria mosquito density, temperature, and relative humidity: an experimental study in rural Gambia

Jatta, Ebrima; Jawara, Musa; Bradley, John; Jeffries, David; Kandeh, Balla; Knudsen, Jakob; Wilson, Anne L.; Pinder, Margaret; D’Alessandro, Umberto; Lindsay, Steve W.

doi:10.1016/s2542-5196(18)30234-1

Cited by 76 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Second, house design may affect malaria transmission via indoor climate [28]. Metal-roofed houses are hotter in the daytime than traditional thatched homes, possibly lowering mosquito survival and inhibiting parasite development within the mosquito [29,30], although the greater accumulation of CO 2 in metal-roofed than thatch-roof homes may attract more vectors indoors [31]. Third, household crowding, incorporated into our overall measure of house type, can increase vector attraction [32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Housing and child health in sub-Saharan Africa: A cross-sectional analysis

et al. 2020

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Background Housing is essential to human well-being but neglected in global health. Today, housing in Africa is rapidly improving alongside economic development, creating an urgent need to understand how these changes can benefit health. We hypothesised that improved housing is associated with better health in children living in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We conducted a crosssectional analysis of housing conditions relative to a range of child health outcomes in SSA. Methods and findings Cross-sectional data were analysed for 824,694 children surveyed in 54 Demographic and Health Surveys, 21 Malaria Indicator Surveys, and two AIDS Indicator Surveys conducted in 33 countries between 2001 and 2017 that measured malaria infection by microscopy or rapid diagnostic test (RDT), diarrhoea, acute respiratory infections (ARIs), stunting, wasting, underweight, or anaemia in children aged 0-5 years. The mean age of children was 2.5 years, and 49.7% were female. Housing was categorised into a binary variable based on a United Nations definition comparing improved housing (with improved drinking water, improved sanitation, sufficient living area, and finished building materials) versus unimproved housing (all other houses). Associations between house type and child health outcomes were determined using conditional logistic regression within surveys, adjusting for prespecified covariables including age, sex, household wealth, insecticide-treated bed net use, and vaccination status. Individual survey odds ratios (ORs) were pooled using randomeffects meta-analysis. Across surveys, improved housing was associated with 8%-18% lower odds of all outcomes except ARI (malaria infection by microscopy: adjusted OR [aOR] 0.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Housing and child health in sub-Saharan Africa: A cross-sectional analysis

et al. 2020

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“…Spatial clustering of P. falciparum infection (householdlevel prevalence of infection) was observed in The Gambia during both the dry and rainy seasons in the rural (western) area of Gambissara where housing was less secure in terms of malaria prevention (thatched roofs, open eaves, mud walls) [26][27][28], but not in the more urban area of Gambissara where P. falciparum infection was less frequent (Fig. 2, metal roofs, closed eaves, brick walls).…”

Section: Spatial Clustering Of P Falciparum Infection Gambissara Thmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clustering of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection and the effectiveness of targeted malaria control measures

Shaffer

Touré

Sogoba

et al. 2020

Malar J

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Background: Because clustering of Plasmodium falciparum infection had been noted previously, the clustering of infection was examined at four field sites in West Africa: Dangassa and Dioro in Mali, Gambissara in The Gambia and Madina Fall in Senegal. Methods: Clustering of infection was defined by the percent of persons with positive slides for asexual P. falciparum sleeping in a house which had been geopositioned. Data from each site were then tested for spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal clustering in relation to the prevalence of infection from smear surveys. Results: These studies suggest that clustering of P. falciparum infection also affects the effectiveness of control interventions. For example, the clustering of infection in Madina Fall disappeared in 2014-2016 after vector control eliminated the only breeding site in 2013. In contrast, the temporal clustering of infection in Dioro (rainy season of 2014, dry season of 2015) was consistent with the loss of funding for Dioro in the second quarter of 2014 and disappeared when funds again became available in late 2015. The clustering of infection in rural (western) areas of Gambissara was consistent with known rural-urban differences in the prevalence of infection and with the thatched roofs, open eaves and mud walls of houses in rural Gambissara. In contrast, the most intense transmission was in Dangassa, where the only encouraging observation was a lower prevalence of infection in the dry season. Taken together, these results suggest: (a) the transmission of infection was stopped in Madina Fall by eliminating the only known breeding site, (b) the prevalence of infection was reduced in Dioro after financial support became available again for malaria control in the second half of 2015, (c) improvements in housing should improve malaria control by reducing the number of vectors in rural communities such as western Gambissara, and (d) beginning malaria control during the dry season may reduce transmission in hyperendemic areas such as Dangassa. Conclusions: From a conceptual perspective, testing for spatial, temporal and spatio-temporal clustering based on epidemiologic data permits the generation of hypotheses for the clustering observed and the testing of candidate interventions to confirm or refute those hypotheses.

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“…aegypti is a known endophilic and anthropophagic species that can also be found resting around human dwellings [11,[60][61][62] and remains close to breeding sites [45,46,63], houses with open eaves and suitable breeding sites are ideal for their development and survival. Although improvement in house designs to include closed eaves plays a critical role in preventing house entry by malaria vectors [64][65][66][67], the role of open eaves on house entry and exit behavior by Ae. aegypti which is principally a day-biting mosquito has received little attention.…”

Section: Vegetation Around Houses High Counts Of Breeding Containersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk factors for Aedes aegypti household pupal persistence in longitudinal entomological household surveys in urban and rural Kenya

et al. 2020

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Background Aedes aegypti is an efficient vector of several arboviruses of public health importance, including Zika and dengue. Currently vector management is the only available avenue for disease control. Development of efficient vector control strategies requires a thorough understanding of vector ecology. In this study, we identified households that are consistently productive for Ae. aegypti pupae and determined the ecological and socio-demographic factors associated with the persistence and abundance of pupae in households in rural and urban Kenya. Methods We collected socio-demographic, environmental and entomological data monthly from July 2014 to June 2018 from 80 households across four sites in Kenya. Pupae count data were collected via entomological surveillance of households and paired with socio-demographic and environmental data. We calculated pupal persistence within a household as the number of months of pupal presence within a year. We used spatially explicit generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs) to identify the risk factors for pupal abundance, and a logistic regression to identify the risk factors for pupal persistence in households. Results The median number of months of pupal presence observed in households was 4 and ranged from 0 to 35 months. We identified pupal persistence in 85 house-years. The strongest risk factors for high pupal abundance were the presence of bushes or tall grass in the peri-domicile area (OR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.13–2.28), open eaves (OR: 2.57, 95% CI: 1.33–4.95) and high habitat counts (OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.21–1.66). The main risk factors for pupal persistence were the presence of bushes or tall grass in the peri-domicile (OR: 4.20, 95% CI: 1.42–12.46) and high number of breeding sites (OR: 2.17, 95% CI: 1.03–4.58). Conclusions We observed Ae. aegypti pupal persistence at the household level in urban and rural and in coastal and inland Kenya. High counts of potential breeding containers, vegetation in the peri-domicile area and the presence of eaves were strongly associated with increased risk of pupal persistence and abundance. Targeting households that exhibit pupal persistence alongside the risk factors for pupal abundance in vector control interventions may result in more efficient use of limited resources.

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How house design affects malaria mosquito density, temperature, and relative humidity: an experimental study in rural Gambia

Cited by 76 publications

References 23 publications

Housing and child health in sub-Saharan Africa: A cross-sectional analysis

Housing and child health in sub-Saharan Africa: A cross-sectional analysis

Clustering of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection and the effectiveness of targeted malaria control measures

Risk factors for Aedes aegypti household pupal persistence in longitudinal entomological household surveys in urban and rural Kenya

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