Context: Process Debt, like Technical Debt, can be a source of
short-term benefits but often is harmful in the long term for a software
organization. Nonetheless, information about Process Debt is scarce in
the current literature. Objective: This paper aims to define
Process Debt, describe its occurrence with associated risks, and show
examples of mitigation strategies. Method: Firstly, we conducted
an exploratory study of Process Debt in four international organizations
by interviewing 16 practitioners. Then, we validated and extended the
findings with a cross-company focus group with additional 10
practitioners. Finally, we analyzed 58 additional observations and 35
interviews from a longitudinal case study. Results: The findings
show that Process Debt can be a harmful phenomenon that needs attention.
We provide a framework and a definition, and report causes, consequences
and occurrence patterns over time of Process Debt. We present mitigation
strategies and which ones need further attention for future research.
Conclusions: The debt metaphor may help companies understand how
to manage and improve their processes and make process-related decisions
that are beneficial both in the short and long term.