Abstract:Abstract. This study examines the impact force applied from hand taps during Extended Column Tests (ECT), a common method of assessing snow stability. The hand-tap loading method has inconsistencies across the United States, Canadian, and Norwegian written standards, as well as inherent subjectivity. We developed a device, the “tap-o-meter”, to measure the force-time curves during these taps and collected data from 286 practitioners, including avalanche forecasters and mountain guides in Scandinavia, Central E… Show more
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