How genes paint flowers and seeds

Mol, J.A.; Grotewold, Erich; Koes, Ronald

doi:10.1016/s1360-1385(98)01242-4

Cited by 770 publications

(504 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…In maize, a MYB domain and a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)-type transcription factor, encoded by the colorless1 ( c1)/purple leaf1 (pl1 ) and the red1 ( r1 )/ booster1 ( b1 ) gene family, respectively, are required for activation of structural anthocyanin genes (reviewed in Mol et al, 1998;Weisshaar and Jenkins, 1998). At least one other factor, encoded by pale aleurone color1 ( pac1 ), is required for activating the structural genes in the maize kernel (Selinger and Chandler, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

anthocyanin1 of Petunia Encodes a Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Protein That Directly Activates Transcription of Structural Anthocyanin Genes

Spelt¹,

Quattrocchio²,

Mol³

et al. 2000

The Plant Cell

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162

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The petunia loci anthocyanin1 ( an1 ), an2 , an4 , and an11 are required for the transcription of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in floral organs. The an2 and an11 loci were recently cloned and shown to encode a MYB-domain transcriptional activator and a cytosolic WD40 protein, respectively. Here, we report the isolation of an1 by transposon tagging. an1 encodes a new member of the basic helix-loop-helix family of transcription factors that is functionally and evolutionarily distinct from JAF13, the apparent petunia ortholog of maize RED1 and snapdragon DELILA. We provide genetic evidence that the transcription factors encoded by an1 , an2 , and an4 operate in an unexpectedly complex regulatory hierarchy. In leaves, ectopic expression of AN2 induces an1 expression, whereas in anthers, an1 expression depends on an4 , encoding (or controlling) a MYB protein that is paralogous to AN2. Experiments with transgenic plants expressing a post-translationally controlled AN1-GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR fusion protein indicated that independent of protein synthesis, AN1 directly activates the expression of the dfrA gene encoding the enzyme dihydroflavonol 4-reductase and of Pmyb27 encoding a MYB-domain protein of unknown function.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

anthocyanin1 of Petunia Encodes a Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Protein That Directly Activates Transcription of Structural Anthocyanin Genes

Spelt¹,

Quattrocchio²,

Mol³

et al. 2000

The Plant Cell

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162

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“…Flavonoid biosynthesis is one of the best described plant secondary metabolic pathways, and genes encoding flavonoid biosynthetic enzymes have been cloned and characterized in various species. The isolation of flavonoid biosynthetic genes has been aided by the characterization of mutations in model systems such as maize (Zea mays), petunia (Petunia hybrida), snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus), and, more recently, Arabidopsis (Dooner et al, 1991;Shirley, 1996;Mol et al, 1998).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The phenotype of tt5 mutants suggests that the isomerization of chalcone to flavanone is not necessarily spontaneous under in vivo conditions for Arabidopsis, although this reaction has been shown to occur spontaneously in vitro (Mol et al, 1985). In fact, anthocyanins and 3-deoxy flavonoids can form in maize cv Black Mexican Sweet (BMS) cells in the absence of detectable CHI activity (Grotewold et al, 1998), suggesting that the reaction does occur spontaneously under in vivo conditions for this organism. Flavanones are the precursors of all classes of flavonoids ( Fig.…”

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Functional Conservation of Plant Secondary Metabolic Enzymes Revealed by Complementation of Arabidopsis Flavonoid Mutants with Maize Genes

2001

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Mutations in the transparent testa (tt) loci abolish pigment production in Arabidopsis seed coats. The TT4, TT5, and TT3 loci encode chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase, and dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, respectively, which are essential for anthocyanin accumulation and may form a macromolecular complex. Here, we show that the products of the maize (Zea mays) C2, CHI1, and A1 genes complement Arabidopsis tt4, tt5, and tt3 mutants, restoring the ability of these mutants to accumulate pigments in seed coats and seedlings. Overexpression of the maize genes in wild-type Arabidopsis seedlings does not result in increased anthocyanin accumulation, suggesting that the steps catalyzed by these enzymes are not rate limiting in the conditions assayed. The expression of the maize A1 gene in the flavonoid 3Ј hydroxylase Arabidopsis tt7 mutant resulted in an increased accumulation of pelargonidin. We conclude that enzymes involved in secondary metabolism can be functionally exchangeable between plants separated by large evolutionary distances. This is in sharp contrast to the notion that the more relaxed selective constrains to which secondary metabolic pathways are subjected is responsible for the rapid divergence of the corresponding enzymes.

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“…6 Foliage colour may be dependent on factors such as light and pH, analogously to what has been observed in flowers. 7,8 Efforts to manipulate plant architecture and foliage colouration to improve commercial acceptability and manipulation of culture condition would serve productive. Therefore the objective of the present work is to establish a protocol for rapid clonal multiplication from limited donor plants and developing different commercial plant types under different culture conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential physiological and biochemical responses under variable culture conditions in micro-propagated Solenostemon scutellarioides: an important ornamental plant

Sahu

Dewanjee

2012

Nat. Prod. Bioprospect.

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Abstract:Solenostemon scutellarioides is a commercially important ornamental plant. In present study, it was attempted to establish a protocol for high frequency in vitro regeneration of S. scutellarioides. Caulogenesis was found to be significant in solid MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg dm -3 BAP. Combination of GA 3 (0.5 mg dm -3 ) and BAP (0.5 mg dm -3 ) induced high frequency regeneration coupled with higher plant height. The plantlets exposed to IBA (1 mg dm -3 ) exhibited significant root development in terms of first appearance of root and number of roots per shoot. To improve its commercial acceptability in terms of plant architecture and foliage colouration, two weeks old in vitro grown plantlets were exposed to different culture conditions namely MS strength, sucrose concentration, pH and light. A variable plant types with diverse ornamental traits were developed under different culture conditions.

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How genes paint flowers and seeds

Cited by 770 publications

References 43 publications

anthocyanin1 of Petunia Encodes a Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Protein That Directly Activates Transcription of Structural Anthocyanin Genes

anthocyanin1 of Petunia Encodes a Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Protein That Directly Activates Transcription of Structural Anthocyanin Genes

Functional Conservation of Plant Secondary Metabolic Enzymes Revealed by Complementation of Arabidopsis Flavonoid Mutants with Maize Genes

Differential physiological and biochemical responses under variable culture conditions in micro-propagated Solenostemon scutellarioides: an important ornamental plant

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