How Fluctuating Competition and Phenotypic Plasticity Mediate Species Divergence

Pfennig, David W.; Murphy, Peter J.

doi:10.1554/0014-3820(2002)056[1217:hfcapp]2.0.co;2

Cited by 52 publications

(133 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Yet this pattern could also be produced by ecological character displacement contributing to reproductive isolation between pure-and mixed-species populations [43,44]. In particular, the tadpoles of S. multiplicata and S. bombifrons compete for resources, and previous work has shown that tadpoles in pure-and mixedspecies populations have diverged in resource-use traits [41,43,[60][61][62]. Indeed, this divergence results in reduced fitness of offspring from crosses between individuals from pure-and mixed-species populations [43], which may have contributed to reduced gene flow between these populations [43].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinforcement generates reproductive isolation between neighbouring conspecific populations of spadefoot toads

Pfennig

Rice

2014

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Reproductive character displacement is the adaptive evolution of traits that minimize deleterious reproductive interactions between species. When arising from selection to avoid hybridization, this process is referred to as reinforcement. Reproductive character displacement generates divergence not only between interacting species, but also between conspecific populations that are sympatric with heterospecifics versus those that are allopatric. Consequently, such conspecific populations can become reproductively isolated. We compared female mate preferences in, and evaluated gene flow between, neighbouring populations of spadefoot toads that did and did not occur with heterospecifics (mixed-and pure-species populations, respectively). We found that in mixed-species populations females significantly preferred conspecifics. Such females also tended to prefer a conspecific call character that was dissimilar from heterospecifics. By contrast, females from pure-species populations did not discriminate conspecific from heterospecific calls. They also preferred a more exaggerated conspecific call character that resembles heterospecific males. Moreover, gene flow was significantly reduced between mixed-and pure-species population types. Thus, character displacement (and, more specifically, reinforcement) may initiate reproductive isolation between conspecific populations that differ in interactions with heterospecifics.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinforcement generates reproductive isolation between neighbouring conspecific populations of spadefoot toads

Pfennig

Rice

2014

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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“…multiplicata Cope, making this Sp. bombifrons population particularly carnivorous (Pfennig and Murphy, 2000;Pfennig and Murphy, 2002;Pfennig et al, 2007). Despite the recurrence of shrimp from year to year in this area, Scaphiopus couchii feeds solely on detritus and microorganisms, although they will consume shrimp in the lab if it is the only available resource (Ledón-Rettig et al, 2008).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress hormones and the fitness consequences associated with the transition to a novel diet in larval amphibians

Ledón-Rettig

Pfennig

Crespi

2009

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY Closely related species often specialize on different types of prey, but little is known about the fitness consequences of making an evolutionary transition to a novel diet. Spadefoot toad larvae provide a unique opportunity to reconstruct these evolutionary events. Although most anuran larvae feed on detritus or plankton, Spea larvae have also evolved the ability to consume large anostracan fairy shrimp. To investigate the changes that may have accompanied the shift to shrimp prey, we compared shrimp-induced physiological responses of Spea larvae with those of its sister genus, Scaphiopus, that has not made this transition. Although Spea larvae performed equally well on either diet, shrimp-fed Scaphiopus larvae experienced reduced growth and developmental rates,as well as elevated levels of the stress hormone corticosterone when compared with those that ate the ancestral detritus diet. These results suggest that ancestral Spea likely experienced reduced fitness when they first adopted a carnivorous feeding strategy.

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“…Trait plasticity could respond to biotic factors, as it does to abiotic factors, in ways that mediate coexistence Murphy 2002, Pfennig andMartin 2009). This has been termed ''facultative character displacement'' by Pfennig and Murphy (2002, see also Darwin 1859, Brown and Wilson 1956, Grant 1972, Robinson and Wilson 1994, and this plasticity may have both an environmental (competitor) and genetic basis (Scheiner and Lyman 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This has been termed ''facultative character displacement'' by Pfennig and Murphy (2002, see also Darwin 1859, Brown and Wilson 1956, Grant 1972, Robinson and Wilson 1994, and this plasticity may have both an environmental (competitor) and genetic basis (Scheiner and Lyman 1989). Facultative character displacement, a result of plasticity, is distinguished from ''constitutive character displacement'' (Pfennig and Murphy 2002), the more traditional view of character displacement in which genetically based changes in traits owing to competitive interactions are expressed consistently through time and across environments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of competition on phylogenetic signal and phenotypic plasticity in plant functional traits

Burns

Strauss

2012

Ecology

104

117

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Abstract. Recent studies of communities have examined phylogenetic signal in species' functional traits to infer drivers of community assembly. Phenotypic variation in traits, arising from ''constitutive'' genetically based variation and from environmental influences on gene expression, or phenotypic plasticity, could affect inferences about community assembly. We found significant trait plasticity in 12 focal species across four species-interaction treatments grown in four soil environments. Phylogenetic signal in traits was present, but was also dependent on species-interactor treatment, suggesting that phenotypic plasticity and plant neighborhood could affect the ability to detect and interpret community phylogenetic patterns of trait variation. Individuals competing with conspecifics expressed significant divergence in specific leaf area (SLA) relative to when they were grown alone. Combined with the observation that competition is stronger between close relatives than between distant relatives in some soils, these results suggest that trait plasticity may be an adaptive response to competition. To test this hypothesis, we examined total biomass in a pot, relative to the predicted biomass of two individuals grown alone, and related pot biomass to phylogenetic distance of the interactor treatment, as well as to divergence in SLA and root : shoot ratio. Within competition treatments, only plastic divergence in root : shoot ratio in one interactor treatment was correlated with increased productivity, and only in one soil type. We also tested whether, across all treatments, divergence in SLA or root : shoot ratio increased pot productivity. We found that ''community'' productivity was positively influenced both by phylogenetic distance to competitor, as well as by divergence in root : shoot ratio due to both plasticity and constitutive differences. Phenotypic plasticity resulting in trait divergence may increase the ability of plants to coexist and may also decrease phylogenetic signal in community assembly at small spatial scales.

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How Fluctuating Competition and Phenotypic Plasticity Mediate Species Divergence

Cited by 52 publications

References 56 publications

Reinforcement generates reproductive isolation between neighbouring conspecific populations of spadefoot toads

Reinforcement generates reproductive isolation between neighbouring conspecific populations of spadefoot toads

Stress hormones and the fitness consequences associated with the transition to a novel diet in larval amphibians

Effects of competition on phylogenetic signal and phenotypic plasticity in plant functional traits

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