How fixed is fixed? Gendered rigidity of space–time constraints and geographies of everyday activities

Elderly co-residence and the household responsibilities hypothesis: evidence from Nanjing, China

“…A detailed study of the mobility of adults in adult households and extended households would also be relevant. In addition, the attributes of activities related to household tasks, such as purpose, duration, timing, location and the person involved-the context of the activities-could have different effects on gendered travel behavior (Schwanen et al, 2008). In the future, these topics deserve additional research.…”

“…Activities that are fixed in space and time delimit a person's opportunity to participate in travel and other activities, thus imposing an important restriction on people's access and mobility. Therefore, activities act as "pegs" around which other activities are organized (Cullen, 1979;Dijst & Vidakovic, 2000;Kwan, 1999;Schwanen, Kwan, & Ren, 2008). Women and men in different households could have different allocations of household responsibilities.…”

The business of care

“…Existing research has considered the disincentives for women re-entering the labour market when childcare options are either too scare and/or expensive (Van Ham and Mulder, 2005). Others have considered the complex space-time patterns of mothers who try to manage their work and care commitments, particularly where commuting between work and home is a factor (Jarvis, 2005;Schwanen et al, 2008). While the increased demand for childcare was initially met by informal childminders working in the home in many countries (such as the UK and Ireland; Gallagher, 2013a;Gregson and Lowe, 1995), there has been a change in the sociospatial contexts within which much care is now being delivered (Boyer et al, 2012).…”

Examining the relationships between individual’s time use and activity participations with their health indicators

“…Out-ofhome mandatory activities were defined as activities to meet other individuals or materials with high degree temporal and spatial fixity at a location outside home base such as working at workplace locations, studying at school, having business meeting and dropping off/picking up children to/from school locations. Activities undertaken at home for fulfilling individual's basic needs such as sleeping, eating and personal care is defined as in-home mandatory activities which have high degree of temporal and spatial fixity [36].…”