How faithfully does intramembranous bone regeneration recapitulate embryonic skeletal development?

Ko, Frank C.; Sumner, Dale R.

doi:10.1002/dvdy.240

Cited by 30 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 212 publications

(399 reference statements)

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“…These intrinsic differences may not only influence embryonic patterning of skeletal elements but also postnatal growth and regeneration mechanisms. For example, developmental molecular programs are reactivated postnatally during repair of articular cartilage and calvarial bones 121,122 . Additionally, embryonic Hox gene expression patterns can be maintained within stem cell populations postnatally where they influence stem cell characteristics 69,123 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Making and shaping endochondral and intramembranous bones

Galea

Zein

Allen

et al. 2020

Developmental Dynamics

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Skeletal elements have a diverse range of shapes and sizes specialized to their various roles including protecting internal organs, locomotion, feeding, hearing, and vocalization. The precise positioning, size, and shape of skeletal elements is therefore critical for their function. During embryonic development, bone forms by endochondral or intramembranous ossification and can arise from the paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm or neural crest. This review describes inductive mechanisms to position and pattern bones within the developing embryo, compares and contrasts the intrinsic vs extrinsic mechanisms of endochondral and intramembranous skeletal development, and details known cellular processes that precisely determine skeletal shape and size. Key cellular mechanisms are employed at distinct stages of ossification, many of which occur in response to mechanical cues (eg, joint formation) or preempting future load‐bearing requirements. Rapid shape changes occur during cellular condensation and template establishment. Specialized cellular behaviors, such as chondrocyte hypertrophy in endochondral bone and secondary cartilage on intramembranous bones, also dramatically change template shape. Once ossification is complete, bone shape undergoes functional adaptation through (re)modeling. We also highlight how alterations in these cellular processes contribute to evolutionary change and how differences in the embryonic origin of bones can influence postnatal bone repair.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Making and shaping endochondral and intramembranous bones

Galea

Zein

Allen

et al. 2020

Developmental Dynamics

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“…Those non-digestible fibres escape digestion and absorption in the small intestine and are later fermented in the caecum and large intestine by anaerobic caecal and colonic microbiota (den Besten et al, 2013 (Morrison and Preston, 2016). Their concentrations vary depending on diet and different colon sites, but generally range between 10 mmol/L and 100 mmol/L in the colon lumen (Koh et al, 2016).…”

Section: Scfas Have Been Implicated As a Key Link Between The Microbiome And Bonementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Butyrate is produced by bacteria belonging to the phylum Firmicutes and the order Clostridiales and part of either the Clostridiaceae, Eubacteriaceae, Lachnospiraceae or Ruminococcaceae families, including Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Eubacterium rectale, Eubacterium hallii, Roseburia species and Ruminococcus bromii (Fu et al, 2019;Louis et al, 2010). Butyrate, the most investigated SCFA to date, is synthesised from two molecules of acetyl-CoA, producing acetoacetyl-CoA, which is further converted to butyryl-CoA via beta-hydroxybutyric-CoA and crotonyl-coA (Koh et al, 2016). Acetate, the most abundant SCFA in the gut, is produced by most enteric bacteria, such as Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium and Prevotella species (Koh et al, 2016) and is generated from pyruvate via acetyl-CoA and the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway (Ragsdale and Pierce, 2008).…”

Section: Scfas Have Been Implicated As a Key Link Between The Microbiome And Bonementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Butyrate, the most investigated SCFA to date, is synthesised from two molecules of acetyl-CoA, producing acetoacetyl-CoA, which is further converted to butyryl-CoA via beta-hydroxybutyric-CoA and crotonyl-coA (Koh et al, 2016). Acetate, the most abundant SCFA in the gut, is produced by most enteric bacteria, such as Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium and Prevotella species (Koh et al, 2016) and is generated from pyruvate via acetyl-CoA and the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway (Ragsdale and Pierce, 2008). Propionate is produced by many different gut microbes, including Veillonella species, Coprococcus catus and Salmonella species (Koh et al, 2016).…”

Section: Scfas Have Been Implicated As a Key Link Between The Microbiome And Bonementioning

confidence: 99%

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Gut microbial-derived short-chain fatty acids and bone: a potential role in fracture healing

Wallimann¹,

Magrath²,

Thompson³

et al. 2021

eCM

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Bone healing complications such as delayed healing or non-union affect 5-10 % of patients with a long-bone fracture and lead to reduced quality of life and increased health-care costs. The gut microbiota and the metabolites they produce, mainly short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), have been shown to impact nearly all organs of the human body including bone. SCFAs show broad activity in positively influencing bone healing outcomes either by acting directly on cell types involved in fracture healing, such as osteoblasts, osteoclasts, chondrocytes and fibroblasts, or indirectly, by shaping an appropriate anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory response. Due to the ability of SCFAs to influence osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation, SCFAs may also affect the integration of orthopaedic implants in bone. In addition, SCFA-derivatives have already been used in a variety of tissue engineering constructs to reduce inflammation and induce bone tissue production. The present review summarises the current knowledge on the role of the gut microbiota, in particular through the action of SCFAs, in the individual stages of bone healing and provides insights into how SCFAs may be utilised in a manner beneficial for fracture healing and surgical reconstruction.

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“…All three reviews emphasize the need to capitalize on resident stem cell populations together with the heterogeneity in disease progression and patient responses. Finally, last but not least, Ko and Sumner 9 review the parallels and differences during embryonic development and post‐natal regeneration of intramembranous bones, also highlighting the numerous stem cell populations that can contribute to repair.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%