How experts deal with novel situations: A review of adaptive expertise

Abstract

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Competence and Professional Expertise

“…Routine experts are 'able to complete school exercises quickly and accurately without understanding,' whereas adaptive experts have 'the ability to apply meaningfully learned procedures flexibly and creatively' (Hatano 2003, p. xi). Bohle-Carbonell et al (2014) call for more research into the differences between adaptive and routine expertise, its dimensionality and, the development of adaptive expertise. That is to say, additional insights into how to design learning environments and tasks that support its further growth are needed.…”

Technical Medicine: Designing Medical Technological Solutions for Improved Health Care

“…Self-directed learning contributes to this developmental process, because students must be aware of their learning needs, formulate their own learning plans, and evaluate their own learning process [36]. In learning environments aimed at self-directed learning, students are responsible for building their own knowledge [25,37]. Adaptive expertise development is stimulated by learning environments that allow students to build their own knowledge by exploring, discovering, and developing an individual solution strategy in new situations [25,37].…”

“…These individuals need to be able to transfer their knowledge to novel situations at the right time and in the right way; they are Badaptive experts^ [24]. This successful transfer depends on an abstract knowledge representation that includes the interrelationships between core concepts [25,26]. Furthermore, a key factor seems to be that individuals engage in a thorough search for solutions, which implies that adaptive experts have a certain attitude towards problem-solving that other experts lack.…”

“…Understanding why relates to a learner's conceptual knowledge, that is, meaningfully structured knowledge about relationships between concepts, which is associated with adaptive expertise [25]. Cognitive integration guides the presentation of information in an integrated way and stimulates the development of conceptual knowledge [34].…”

Protocolization, Standardization and the Need for Adaptive Expertise in our Medical Systems

“…Adaptive expertise uses knowledge and understanding to create or apply knowledge to solve these novel challenges [3]. Adaptive expertise recognizes that the routine approach, including protocols and guidelines, will not work in the given scenario, and reframes the problem to facilitate exploration of new ideas (learning) and/or creation of new solutions (innovation) [4]. Adaptive expertise has been described as a Bproduct of a learned skillset, characterized by habits of mind that develop over time and with practice^ [5], making it even more essential that education to foster and develop this expertise be intentionally included in training across the continuum.…”