How enhanced surveillance is helping Zanzibar get one step closer to malaria elimination: description of the operational platforms and resources for real-time case-based malaria surveillance

Abstract

Testing and treating asymptomatic populations has the potential to reduce the population s parasite reservoir and reduce malaria transmission. The Zanzibar electronic malaria case notification (MCN) platform collects detailed socio-demographic and epidemiological data from all confirmed malaria cases to inform programmatic decision-making. This Field Action Report describes the design and operationalization process of the platform, as well as other malaria surveillance resources that are enabling Zanzibar to progress toward malaria elimination. The MCN platform consists of an interactive short message service (SMS) system for case notification, a software application for Android mobile devices, a visual question set and workflow manager, a back-end database server, and a web browser-based application for data analytics, configuration, and management. Malaria case data were collected from August 2012 to December 2021 and reported via SMS from all public and private health facilities to a central database, and then to District Malaria Surveillance Officers mobile devices. Data included patient names, shehia and date of diagnosis, which enabled the officers to track patients, ideally within 24 hours of reporting. Patients household members were tested for malaria using conventional rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). Treatment using artemisinin-based combination therapy was provided for persons testing positive. Between 2012 and 2021, a total of 48,899 index malaria cases were confirmed at health facilities, 22,152 (45.3%) of whom within 24 hours of reporting; 41,886 (85.7%) cases were fully investigated and followed up to household level. A total of 111,811 additional household members were tested with RDTs, of whom 10,602 (9.5%) were malaria positive. The MCN platform reports malaria case data in near real-time, enabling prompt testing and treatment of members in index case households. Along with routine testing and treatment and other preventive interventions, combined with comprehensive reactive-case detection efforts, the continued use of the MCN platform is likely to reduce malaria transmission and malaria morbidity even further, thereby enhancing malaria elimination in Zanzibar.