How effective are warnings? A meta-analysis

Hancock, Peter A.; Kaplan, Alexandra D.; MacArthur, Keith R.; Szalma, James L.

doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104876

Cited by 14 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Various pictograms (such as the triangle with exclamation mark in Figure 4) may also be effective in boosting the effects of the written warning reasoning (Jaynes & Boles, 1990;Riley et al, 1982). Additionally, the size, shape, and placement of warning iconography are also important (Hancock et al, 2020). There is a trade-off between how noticeable a warning label is (its intrusiveness) and viewer recall of the warning (its potential effectiveness).…”

Section: Graphics and Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A warning must (1) attract attention, (2) be comprehended by the viewer, (3) convince the viewer of the danger, and (4) motivate the viewer to change their behavior. A comprehensive literature review (Stewart & Martin, 1994) and multiple meta‐analyses over the years (Argo & Main, 2004; Hancock et al, 2020) about warning labels finds that they are best for informing consumers, but not necessarily persuading or changing the behavior of consumers. People are selectively attentive to warning labels, as with information labels such as calorie counts, and a variety of design considerations can alter the effects of different labels.…”

Section: Labels and Warnings In Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The emerging science of content labeling: Contextualizing social media content moderation

Morrow

Swire‐Thompson

Polny

et al. 2022

Asso for Info Science & Tech

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In the online information ecosystem, a content label is an attachment to a piece of content intended to contextualize that content for the viewer. Content labels are information about information, such as fact‐checks or sensitive content warnings. Research into content labeling is nascent, but growing; researchers have made strides toward understanding labeling best practices to deal with issues such as disinformation, and misleading content that may affect everything from voting to health. To make this review tractable, we focus on compiling the literature that can contextualize labeling effects and consequences. This review summarizes the central labeling literature, highlights gaps for future research, discusses considerations for social media, and explores definitions toward a taxonomy. Specifically, this article discusses the particulars of content labels, their presentation, and the effects of various labels. The current literature can guide the usage of labels on social media platforms and inform public debate over platform moderation.

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Section: Graphics and Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Labels and Warnings In Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

The emerging science of content labeling: Contextualizing social media content moderation

Morrow

Swire‐Thompson

Polny

et al. 2022

Asso for Info Science & Tech

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Precautionary labels are basically the health warnings that address the hypersensitivity issues of the consumers (Chiuve et al, 2011 ; Hancock et al, 2020 ). However, the precautionary labels are not only a source of information to the consumer but also a marketing edge for the companies that display them (Turnbull et al, 2015 ).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Extrinsic Cues in the Formation of Quality Perceptions

et al. 2022

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Examining the quality perceptions of consumers has often been recommended as an international research paradigm. This study is grounded in the Pakistani consumer market to evaluate the impact of food packaging cues on perceived product quality. The moderating effect of consumer knowledge was also taken into consideration in the study. A signaling theory was used in the study for its established predictive power in consumer behavior, marketing, and various fields of research. Based on the essence of the signaling theory, this study hypothesized that food packaging cues cast a positive impact on perceived product quality and consumer knowledge moderates these relationships. By using the sample of 504 consumers, data were gathered using the mall intercept method following a multi-stage sampling technique. The responses were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social sciences (SPSS) and Smart Partial Least Square (PLS). The findings of this study unveil that the extrinsic cues' brand name, price, nutritional labels, and precautionary labels were positively and significantly related to the perceived product quality. However, the country of origin cast no impact on the perceived product quality. Consumer knowledge reflected a moderation effect on the relationships between brand name and country of origin with the perceived product quality whereas it exerted no moderation impact on the relationships of price, nutritional labels, and precautionary labels with the perceived product quality. As the results exhibit that Pakistani consumers rely on food packaging cues for perceiving a product, hence it is recommended that marketers and policymakers develop appropriate marketing strategies focused on the significance of food packaging cues.

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“…Despite recommendations to investigate mobile warning messages under conditions that are as realistic as possible [11,56], few studies have investigated said processes under real-life conditions [30] or in experimental settings [57] that dissect the warning process (i.e., perceiving, processing, and complying with app-based warnings). Therefore, the intuitive affective processing of weather warnings poses unanswered questions.…”

Section: Research Questions and Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

A Walk in the Park? Examining the Impact of App-Based Weather Warnings on Affective Reactions and the Search for Information in a Virtual City

Tomczyk

Rahn

Markwart

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Background: Warning apps can provide personalized public warnings, but research on their appraisal and impact on compliance is scarce. This study introduces a virtual city framework to examine affective reactions when receiving an app-based warning, and subsequent behavioral intentions. Methods: In an online experiment, 276 participants (M = 41.07, SD = 16.44, 62.0% female) were randomly allocated to one of eight groups (warning vs. no warning, thunderstorm vs. no thunderstorm, video vs. vignette). Participants were guided through a virtual city by a mock-up touristic app (t1). Then, the app issued a warning about an impending thunderstorm (t2), followed by a virtual thunderstorm (t3). The virtual city tour was presented via vignettes or videos. ANCOVAs were used to investigate trajectories of momentary anxiety, hierarchical regressions analyzed the impact of momentary anxiety on information seeking. Results: Participants who received a warning message and were confronted with a thunderstorm showed the highest increase in momentary anxiety, which predicted information seeking intentions. Conclusions: The findings underscore the importance of affective appraisal in processing warning messages. The virtual city framework is able to differentiate the impact of warning versus event in an online context, and thus promising for future warning research in virtual settings.

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How effective are warnings? A meta-analysis

Cited by 14 publications

References 68 publications

The emerging science of content labeling: Contextualizing social media content moderation

The emerging science of content labeling: Contextualizing social media content moderation

Role of Extrinsic Cues in the Formation of Quality Perceptions

A Walk in the Park? Examining the Impact of App-Based Weather Warnings on Affective Reactions and the Search for Information in a Virtual City

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