How early should you brake during a 180° turn? A kinetic comparison of the antepenultimate, penultimate, and final foot contacts during a 505 change of direction speed test

Dos’Santos, Thomas; Thomas, Christopher R.; Jones, Paul A.

doi:10.1080/02640414.2020.1823130

Cited by 12 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…The present investigation suggests that the penultimate, final, and first accelerating foot contacts should be assessed for a comprehensive understanding of the turning phase. Together with previous research [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 21 ], we have evidence from four foot contacts characterizing the 180° COD performance. However, further research can be encouraged to extend the analysis of other foot contacts and their contribution to completion time.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Conversely, none of the variables of the PFC were included in both models, even though the PFC has always been considered a critical determinant of the COD performance [ 14 ]. Moreover, recent research suggests that the antepenultimate foot contact might play a superior role in deceleration compared with the PFC [ 18 ]. Unfortunately, the antepenultimate foot contact was not included in the current investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another limitation of this study, due to the laboratory setting, is the impossibility of really detecting different strategies used by participants and the potential interaction between dominance/preference and strategy. This is considered a critical issue when investigating preplanned action in a laboratory setting and the implication for training and agility actions (i.e., unplanned COD in response to a stimulus), which occur in open-skill conditions, such as team sports [ 18 ]. However, this study implemented an experimental approach to the investigation of the turning phase in several team sports players.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Focusing solely on the 180° COD speed tests, the kinetic and kinematic variables of the penultimate foot contact (PFC) and final foot contact (FFC) are commonly evaluated during traditional and modified 505 tests to investigate the differences between faster and slower performers [ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Recently, new research investigated for the first time the antepenultimate foot contact, demonstrating its role in facilitating the deceleration phase during a traditional 505 test [ 18 ]. However, it would be interesting to also consider the analysis of the first step after turning, henceforth called the first accelerating foot contact (AFC).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, faster performers showed greater peak and average horizontal propulsive forces for the FFC than slower performers during the traditional and modified 505 test [ 17 ]. Finally, associations have recently been demonstrated between greater antepenultimate foot contact peak vertical, horizontal, and resultant braking forces, mean vertical, horizontal, and resultant GRFs, and horizontal total impulses in comparison with faster performers during the traditional 505 test [ 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Biomechanical Characterization of the Turning Phase during a 180° Change of Direction

Santoro

Tessitore

Liu

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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The aim of this study was to characterize the turning phase during a modified 505 test. Forty collegiate basketball students, divided into faster and slower performers and high-playing-level and low-playing-level groups, were evaluated for the force-time characteristics (braking and/or propulsive phase) of the penultimate foot contact (PFC), final foot contact (FFC), and first accelerating foot contact (AFC), and for completion time and approach velocity. Based on the composition of the AFC, trials were classified as braking/propulsive or only propulsive. Regression analysis for the prediction of completion time was performed. The AFC contributed to reacceleration through shorter contact times and step length, and lower braking force production (p < 0.05). Faster performers and the high-playing-level group demonstrated (p < 0.05): lower completion times, higher approach velocities, longer steps length in the PFC and FFC, greater braking forces and impulses in the PFC; greater braking and propulsive forces, braking impulses, lower contact times in the FFC; greater braking and propulsive horizontal forces, horizontal impulses, lower contact times and vertical impulses in the AFC. Kinetic variables from only the FFC and AFC and approach velocity predicted 75% (braking/propulsive trials) and 76.2% (only-propulsive trials) of completion times. The characterization of the turning phase demonstrated the specific contribution of each foot contact and the possible implications for training prescription.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Biomechanical Characterization of the Turning Phase during a 180° Change of Direction

Santoro

Tessitore

Liu

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Strength characteristics in faster change of direction basketball players: A comparison across cutting angles

Barrera‐Domínguez,

del‐Cuerpo,

Riego‐Ruiz

et al. 2024

European Journal of Sport Science

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Change of directions (COD) involves multidirectional and complex actions, with performance influenced by multiple factors. As lower limb strength is one of the most determinant of COD performance, the present study aimed to (a) explore the differences in strength outcomes across different lower limb muscle actions between faster and slower basketball players in COD actions at different angles and (b) analyse the relationship between isometric, concentric and eccentric strength outcomes and COD performance at different cutting angles. Twenty‐five basketball players (44% female) completed a battery of tests, encompassing isokinetic and isometric squat strength assessments, along with COD tests at 45°, 90° and 180°. Players were categorised as ‘low‐performance’ and ‘high‐performance’ groups based on execution time in COD, facilitating a comparison between performance groups. Results indicated that concentric strength showed the greatest differences between performance groups at 45° COD (effect size ≥ 0.813; p ≤ 0.034). Isometric and eccentric strength demonstrated a moderate‐to‐large relationship with 90° COD performance (Rho ≥ 0.394; p ≤ 0.045), and all muscle actions exhibited a large relationship with 180° COD (Rho ≥ 0.445; p ≤ 0.030). Moreover, the fastest players showed higher levels of concentric strength relative to eccentric strength, regardless of the cutting angle. These findings hold practical applications, suggesting that basketball coaches should train a specific kind of muscle action depending on the individual players' COD demands, focusing on improving the rapid eccentric force application while striving to reduce the eccentric/concentric ratio.

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Deceleration Training in Team Sports: Another Potential ‘Vaccine’ for Sports-Related Injury?

et al. 2021

Self Cite

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High-intensity horizontal decelerations occur frequently in team sports and are typically performed to facilitate a reduction in momentum preceding a change of direction manoeuvre or following a sprinting action. The mechanical underpinnings of horizontal deceleration are unique compared to other high-intensity locomotive patterns (e.g., acceleration, maximal sprinting speed), and are characterised by a ground reaction force profile of high impact peaks and loading rates. The high mechanical loading conditions observed when performing rapid horizontal decelerations can lead to tissue damage and neuromuscular fatigue, which may diminish co-ordinative proficiency and an individual’s ability to skilfully dissipate braking loads. Furthermore, repetitive long-term deceleration loading cycles if not managed appropriately may propagate damage accumulation and offer an explanation for chronic aetiological consequences of the ‘mechanical fatigue failure’ phenomenon. Training strategies should look to enhance an athlete’s ability to skilfully dissipate braking loads, develop mechanically robust musculoskeletal structures, and ensure frequent high-intensity horizontal deceleration exposure in order to accustom individuals to the potentially damaging effects of intense decelerations that athletes will frequently perform in competition. Given the apparent importance of horizontal decelerations, in this Current Opinion article we provide considerations for sport science and medicine practitioners around the assessment, training and monitoring of horizontal deceleration. We feel these considerations could lead to new developments in injury-mitigation and physical development strategies in team sports.

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How early should you brake during a 180° turn? A kinetic comparison of the antepenultimate, penultimate, and final foot contacts during a 505 change of direction speed test

Abstract: Dos'Santos, Thomas and Thomas, Christopher and Jones, Paul (2020) How early should you brake during a 180 turn? A kinetic comparison of the antepenultimate, penultimate, and final foot contacts during a 505 change of direction speed test. Journal of Sports Sciences.

Cited by 12 publications

References 33 publications

The Biomechanical Characterization of the Turning Phase during a 180° Change of Direction

The Biomechanical Characterization of the Turning Phase during a 180° Change of Direction

Strength characteristics in faster change of direction basketball players: A comparison across cutting angles

Deceleration Training in Team Sports: Another Potential ‘Vaccine’ for Sports-Related Injury?

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