How Does Your Cortex Grow?

Raznahan, Armin; Shaw, Philip; Lalonde, François; Stockman, Mike; Wallace, Gregory L.; Greenstein, Dede; Clasen, Liv S.; Gogtay, Nitin; Giedd, Jay N.

doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0054-11.2011

Cited by 644 publications

(726 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…As indicated by our analysis, CSA and CT can be partly conceived as being distinct traits, and thus their analysis provides more nuanced information than the sole computation of CV as implemented in VBM. Given this understanding, the present study concurs with a pool of recent reports which also demonstrated the genetically and phenotypically distinctiveness of CT and CSA [38,39,41,40,42,43,65,44,45,46]. It is important to mention that CV cannot be interpreted as a simple compilation of CT and CSA.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Therefore, if these variables run in opposite directions, CV measurements could be confounded and tinnitus-related alter-80 ations might be obscured. Since that publication a number of investigations empirically disentangled CSA measurements from the quantification of thickness [37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46]. as a function of the particular measurement methodology being used (VBM vs. measurement of CT by SBM) [47].…”

Section: A C C E P T E D Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differential tinnitus-related neuroplastic alterations of cortical thickness and surface area

et al. 2016

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Structural neuroimaging techniques have been used to identify cortical and subcortical regions constituting the neuroarchitecture of tinnitus. One recent investigation used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to analyze a sample of tinnitus patients (TI, n=257) [1]. A negative relationship between individual distress and cortical volume (CV) in bilateral auditory regions was observed. However, CV has meanwhile been identified as a neuroanatomical measurement that confounds genetically distinct neuroanatomical traits, namely cortical thickness (CT) and cortical surface area (CSA). We performed a re-analysis of the identical sample using the automated FreeSurfer surface-based morphometry (SBM) approach [2]. First, we replicated the negative correlation between tinnitus distress and bilateral supratemporal gray matter volume. Second, we observed a negative correlation for CSA in the left peri-auditory cortex and anterior insula. Furthermore, we noted a positive correlation between tinnitus duration and CT in the left peri-auditory cortex as well as a negative correlation in the subcallosal anterior cingulate, a region collated to the serotonergic circuit and germane to inhibitory functions. In short, the results elucidate differential neuroanatomical alterations of CSA and CT for the two independent tinnitus-related psychological traits distress and duration. Beyond this, the study provides further evidence for the distinction and specific susceptibility of CSA and CT within the context of neuroplasticity of the human brain. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. A negative relationship between individual distress and cortical volume (CV) in bilateral auditory regions was observed. However, CV has meanwhile been identified as a neuroanatomical measurement that confounds genetically distinct neuroanatomical traits, namely cortical thickness (CT) and cortical surface area (CSA). We performed a re-analysis of the identical sample using the automated FreeSurfer surface-based morphometry (SBM) approach [2]. First, we replicated the negative correlation between tinnitus distress and bilateral supratemporal gray matter volume. Second, we observed a negative correlation for CSA in the left peri-auditory cortex and anterior insula. Furthermore, we noted a positive correlation between tinnitus duration and CT in the left peri-auditory cortex as well as a negative correlation in the subcallosal anterior cingulate, a region collated to the serotonergic circuit and germane to inhibitory functions. In short, the results elucidate differential neuroanatomical alterations of CSA and CT for the two independent...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: A C C E P T E D Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential tinnitus-related neuroplastic alterations of cortical thickness and surface area

et al. 2016

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“…All sMRI brain scans were T-1 weighted images with contiguous 1.5-mm axial slices, obtained on the same 1.5-T General Electric Signa scanner using a 3D spoiled gradient recalled echo sequence (see SI Methods for scan acquisition parameters). Native sMRI scans were submitted to the CIVET pipeline † for automated morphometric analysis, as described previously (31). This well-validated set of image-processing algorithms generates estimates total GMV, WMV, and CSF, as well as creating a 3D reconstruction of the convoluted cortical sheet for each scan, from which four metrics are derived: total CV and SA, mean CT, and estimates of both CT and SA at 800,000 points (vertices) across the cortical sheet.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal growth in humans and postnatal brain maturation into late adolescence

Raznahan

Greenstein²,

Lee³

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

176

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Prenatal life encompasses a critical phase of human brain development, but neurodevelopmental consequences of normative differences in prenatal growth among full-term pregnancies remain largely uncharted. Here, we combine the power of a withinmonozygotic twin study design with longitudinal neuroimaging methods that parse dissociable components of structural brain development between ages 3 and 30 y, to show that subtle variations of the in utero environment, as indexed by mild birth weight (BW) variation within monozygotic pairs, are accompanied by statistically significant (i) differences in postnatal intelligence quotient (IQ) and (ii) alterations of brain anatomy that persist at least into late adolescence. Greater BW within the normal range confers a sustained and generalized increase in brain volume, which in the cortical sheet, is specifically driven by altered surface area rather than cortical thickness. Surface area is maximally sensitive to BW variation within cortical regions implicated in the biology of several mental disorders, the risk for which is modified by normative BW variation. We complement this near-experimental test of prenatal environmental influences on human brain development by replicating anatomical findings in dizygotic twins and unrelated singletons. Thus, using over 1,000 brain scans, across three independent samples, we link subtle differences in prenatal growth, within ranges seen among the majority of human pregnancies, to protracted surface area alterations, that preferentially impact later-maturing associative cortices important for higher cognition. By mapping the sensitivity of postnatal human brain development to prenatal influences, our findings underline the potency of in utero life in shaping postnatal outcomes of neuroscientific and public health importance.P renatal life encompasses a foundational and universally critical phase of human brain development. Consequently, research aimed at understanding how prenatal influences play out in later life cannot only illuminate mechanisms of fundamental importance to basic developmental neuroscience, but may also have public health implications.Exquisite sensitivity of the developing brain to prenatal environmental insults has been well established through experimental animal models (1). In humans, where experimental approaches are not feasible, numerous observational studies have linked frank insults during prenatal life [as indexed by premature delivery (2); abnormally low birth weight for gestational age (3); and maternal exposure to radiation (4) or starvation (5)], to altered postnatal brain development. However, by virtue of their relative rarity, such frank prenatal insults may be less impactful at the population level than more subtle variations of the in utero environment occurring among the uncomplicated pregnancies from which most people are born (6). Evidence that subtle alterations of the prenatal environment may have meaningful consequences for postnatal development in humans can be found in large-scale epidemiolog...

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“…Given that gyrification measures the amount of surface enclosed in a restricted space, it is not surprising to find results in similar direction and location using either gyrification or measuring regional areas. In healthy adults, cortical thickness is determined by complex maturational changes that occur during adolescence (Shaw et al, 2008), whereas cortical surface area is less affected by maturational changes (Raznahan et al, 2011). This may explain the weak correlation between cortical thickness and gyrification or cortical area (Hogstrom et al, in press).…”

Section: Group Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced brain cortical folding in schizophrenia revealed in two independent samples

Nesvåg

Schaer

Haukvik

et al. 2014

Schizophrenia Research

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The cerebral cortex is highly convoluted, and principal folding patterns are determined early in life. Degree of cortical folding in adult life may index aberrations in brain development. Results from previous studies of cortical folding in schizophrenia are inconsistent. Here we investigated cortical folding patterns in the hitherto largest sample of patients with schizophrenia drawn from two independent cohorts. Magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired from 207 patients and 206 healthy subjects recruited to two separate research projects in Sweden and Norway. Local gyrification index (lGI) was estimated continuously across the cortex using automated methods. Group differences in lGI were analyzed using general linear models. Patients had lower lGI in three large clusters of the cortex with peak differences found in the left precentral gyrus, right middle temporal gyrus, and right precuneus. Similar, although not completely overlapping results were found when the two cohorts were analyzed separately. There were no significant interaction effects between age and diagnosis and gender and diagnosis. The finding of reduced degree of folding in large regions of the cerebral cortex across two independent samples indicates that reduced gyrification is an inherent feature of the brain pathology in schizophrenia.

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How Does Your Cortex Grow?

Cited by 644 publications

References 24 publications

Differential tinnitus-related neuroplastic alterations of cortical thickness and surface area

Differential tinnitus-related neuroplastic alterations of cortical thickness and surface area

Prenatal growth in humans and postnatal brain maturation into late adolescence

Reduced brain cortical folding in schizophrenia revealed in two independent samples

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