“…With integrated artificial intelligence, chatbots can be used as a digital learning tool to ask questions, give answers to questions, retrieve information (Shawar & Atwell, 2007), visualize the contents (Bayan, 2005), explore online content (James, 2016), provide useful information (Brandtzaeg & Følstad, 2017), establish the knowledge that the students has to learn (Wenger, 1987), and propose possible solutions to the students individually (Singh, 2018) because several studies have shown that poor personalized support can lead to weak student learning outcomes while good personalized support can improve student learning outcomes (Pane et al, 2017;Hone & El Said, 2016;Brinton et al, 2015;Eom, Wen, & Ashill, 2006).…”