How Does Low Socioeconomic Status Increase Blood Lead Levels in Korean Children?

Kim, Eun-Jung; Kwon, Ho-Jang; Ha, Mina; Lim, Ji-Ae; Lim, Myung Ho; Yoo, Seung-Jin; Paik, Ki Chung

doi:10.3390/ijerph15071488

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(60 reference statements)

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“…This association is probably due to poor nutrition and location of houses in streets with heavy traffic (56) . In this study, BLLs and BCLs increased as socioeconomic status had decreased, but not significantly, which was consistent with previous findings (57)(58)(59) .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Relationship Between Lead and Cadmium Levels in Blood and Refractory Chronic Constipation Among Iranian Children

Gharibshahi

Javaherizadeh

Khorasgani

et al. 2021

Arq. Gastroenterol.

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BACKGROUND: There is limited research examining reasons causing refractory chronic constipation (RCC) in children. The effects of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) exposures on this condition have been even less clear. However, some related factors may contribute to evaluation of blood lead levels (BLLs) and blood cadmium levels (BCLs). OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to examine the relationship between Pb and Cd exposures and RCC in children living in the city of Ahvaz, Khuzestan Province, in Southwestern Iran. METHODS: This study was performed on a total number of 48 children aged 2-13 years, including 36 medically-diagnosed RCC cases and 12 controls referring to a pediatric clinic in the city of Ahvaz. Their BLLs and BCLs were then determined using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The data from the researcher-designed questionnaire were also recoded and the related risk factors were analyzed through Spearman’s correlation and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The findings revealed that the geometric means of Pb and Cd in blood samples in the control group were 58.95 µg/dL and 0.45 µg/dL; respectively. These values in the case group were equally 45.26 µg/dL and 0.26 µg/dL; respectively. A significant difference was additionally observed between BCLs in the case and control groups (P<0.01). All children in both groups also had BLLs greater than the permissible limit endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO) (≤10 µg/dL). On the other hand, 8.3% of the individuals in the case group and 33.3% of those in the control group had BCLs higher than the acceptable range mentioned by WHO (≤0.5 µg/dL). CONCLUSION: Pb and Cd exposures due to environmental pollution and susceptibility to heavy metals may not be associated with RCC in children living in the city of Ahvaz. Although this research was the first one providing data on BLLs and BCLs in children with RCC, the findings could be useful for designing future epidemiologic studies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Relationship Between Lead and Cadmium Levels in Blood and Refractory Chronic Constipation Among Iranian Children

Gharibshahi

Javaherizadeh

Khorasgani

et al. 2021

Arq. Gastroenterol.

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“…Lead in the enamel and saliva of children is associated with increased dental caries [28]. Although we did not measure lead, lead levels are typically higher in a low SES population, such as in our study; potentially the differences in lead levels may explain the different results between the studies [29,30]. Another potential reason for null findings in caries risk and calcium intake during pregnancy may be due to our smaller sample size and/or lower overall calcium intake in our low SES population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

The Influence of Diet, Exercise and Education Level During Pregnancy on Child Cavities and Tooth Eruption

Brown¹,

Kordis²,

Cotterill³

et al. 2021

DOBCR

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Objectives: This study’s objective was to evaluate if exercise during pregnancy, a healthy diet rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and calcium, and the mother’s educational level influenced the dental health measures of caries risk and tooth eruption of their offspring. Methods: Women with children 6 years and younger completed questionnaires regarding PA and diet (PUFA-rich, calcium-rich (Ca) dairy foods) during pregnancy and education level prior to their child’s dental examination. T-tests were used to compare exercisers and non-exercisers; correlation and regression analyses were conducted to determine relationships and predictors of child dental health, respectively. Results: Eighty-two mother-child pairs were analysed. Exercisers had trends of increased PUFA (p=0.07) and Ca-rich dairy foods (p=0.12) to non-exercisers during pregnancy. Ca-rich dairy foods during pregnancy had positive associations with primary tooth count (p=0.004), mixed surface count (p=0.02), and tooth eruption (p=0.04). Controlling for maternal education and exercise, tooth eruption was predicted by PUFA summary and cheese consumption while dairy summary predicted primary tooth count; caries risk was predicted by maternal education; primary surface caries was associated with exercise duration. Conclusion: During pregnancy, calcium-rich dairy and PUFA-rich foods influenced child tooth eruption and thus tooth count, while exercise duration was associated with primary surface caries. Maternal education was associated with lower caries risk. Our findings support educating women on calcium intake and appropriate exercise levels during pregnancy, plus oral health counseling for their child.

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“…Three of the five metals analyzed in the urine of children aged 0 to 6 years — As, Pb, and Mn — were detected in more than 80% of the samples. Overall, participants from three study sites (PC, TJ, and AR) were more vulnerable, either by the report of open-air sewage disposal, dirt road housing, or water consumed from sources other than mineral, which may pose important risks to child development if associated with unfavorable environmental conditions and an inadequate dietary pattern 18 , 19 . Thus, in the study population, some sociodemographic conditions were associated with higher concentrations of some metals, such as higher urinary Pb levels in children whose skin color was reported as non-white by their parents.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal exposure in a child population after a mine tailings dam failure. Projeto Bruminha

Santos¹,

Saraiva²,

Oliveira³

et al. 2023

Rev. bras. Epidemiol.

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Objective: This study aimed to analyze the urinary concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, Hg, and Mn in children living in areas directly affected by the tailings of the Brumadinho disaster. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional descriptive study on a population of 217 children aged 0 to 6 years, living in Córrego do Feijão (CF), Parque da Cachoeira (PC), Aranha (AR), and Tejuco (TJ), enrolled in the Longitudinal Study of Child Health in Brumadinho (Minas Gerais) — Projeto Bruminha. Socioeconomic data and urine samples were collected to determine the concentration of selected metals. Results: Children living in locations not directly affected by the disaster (AR and TJ) had higher concentrations of As and Mn than those in directly affected areas (CF and PC). Additionally, children living in locations not potentially exposed to dust from tailings mud or mining activity (AR) showed higher urinary As concentrations than those potentially exposed (CF, PC, and TJ). Conclusion: Our results suggest the need to investigate possible sources of As exposure in children living in areas not directly affected by the disaster and not potentially exposed to dust.

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How Does Low Socioeconomic Status Increase Blood Lead Levels in Korean Children?

Cited by 13 publications

References 40 publications

Relationship Between Lead and Cadmium Levels in Blood and Refractory Chronic Constipation Among Iranian Children

Relationship Between Lead and Cadmium Levels in Blood and Refractory Chronic Constipation Among Iranian Children

The Influence of Diet, Exercise and Education Level During Pregnancy on Child Cavities and Tooth Eruption

Metal exposure in a child population after a mine tailings dam failure. Projeto Bruminha

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