How does income affect mental health and health behaviours? A quasi-experimental study of the earned income tax credit

Shields-Zeeman, Laura; Collin, Daniel F.; Batra, Akansha; Hamad, Rita

doi:10.1136/jech-2020-214841

Cited by 38 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…According to a randomized household survey conducted in Montreal in 2009, employment status under 45-year-old is inversely related to the distress and depression, using coping strategies like social support and alcohol usage [24]. In a study conducted using a sample taken from Panel Study of Income Dynamics [25], they estimated the association between estimated income tax credit (EITC) and income and other outcomes of interest like smoking, alcohol intake, physiological distress, and overall health. They found that people with high income are associated with less physiological distress, more alcohol consumption, more cigarette smoking.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Employment Status and Its Association With Psychological Distress and Alcohol Consumption

Walia

Bhetuwal

Acosta

et al. 2021

Cureus

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Purpose: The objective of this analysis was to find an association between employment status, psychological distress, and alcohol consumption.Methods: Data from the 2020 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) data was used. Patient health questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) data and an average number of drinks per week were used to assess psychological distress and drinking status.Results: Out of the 3865 people who answered the survey in the year 2020, 1890 (59.11%) were employed in one or multiple jobs during the time of the survey. The sample included 1561 men and 2204 women with an average age of 48.4 years. More than half (58.7%) of them were Non-Hispanic White followed by Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Black at 15.73% and 10.32%, respectively. Bivariate analysis showed a significant association between employment, psychological distress (p value=0.032), and alcohol drinking (p value=0.002); 60.59% of participants reporting severe distress (PHQ-4 score of 9-12) were unemployed. Alternatively, 73.1% of the employed respondents reported no stress (PHQ-4 score of 0-2). While more than half (75.97%) of those who were unemployed consumed only 1-2 drinks per week on an average, 7.27% consumed >13 drinks per week on an average. After adjusting for covariates, the regression analysis showed a highly significant association (p value< 0.001) between unemployment and psychological distress (OR=1.55; 95% CI 1.03, 2.31), and alcohol consumption (OR=0.67; 95% CI 0.48, 0.92). Conclusion:Unemployment is associated with outcomes like psychological distress and alcohol consumption. However, being employed was found to be more strongly associated with alcohol drinking. We do not know if the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was a risk factor for the given outcomes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Employment Status and Its Association With Psychological Distress and Alcohol Consumption

Walia

Bhetuwal

Acosta

et al. 2021

Cureus

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“…In addition, higher income is associated with decreasing of psychological distress and psychological distress may influence the occurrence of depressive symptoms. 26 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of job insecurity, employment type and monthly income on depressive symptom: analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study on Aging data

Lim

Won

Lee

et al. 2022

Ann Occup Environ Med

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Background In modern society, depression is serious issue that causes socioeconomic and family burden. To decrease the incidence of depression, risk factors should be identified and managed. Among many risk factors for depression, this study examined socioeconomic risk factors for depression. Methods We utilized first (2006), second (2008), and third (2010)-wave data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA). Depressive symptom was measured with the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, Short Form (CES-D-10) in the survey in 2008 and 2010. Three risk factors including job security, employment type and monthly income were measured in the survey in 2006. The association between risk factors and depressive symptom was analyzed by Cox proportional-hazard model. Results We analyzed data from 1,105 workers and hazard ratios (HRs) for 3 risk factors were significant entirely. In addition, regular worker with high income group is the most vulnerable group of poor job insecurity on depression among male workers (HR: 1.73; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07–2.81). Finally, HRs for 7 groups who had at least 1 risk factor had higher HRs compared to groups who had no risk factors after stratifying 3 risk factors. In the analysis, significantly vulnerable groups were total 5 groups and the group who had highest HR was temporary/daily workers with poor job security (HR: 2.51; 95% CI: 1.36–4.64). The results concerning women, regardless of job type, were non-significant. Conclusions This study presented one or more risk factors among poor job security, low income, temporary/daily employment type increase hazard for depressive symptom in 2 or 4 years after the exposure. These results inform policy to screen for and protect against the risk of depression in vulnerable groups.

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“…Poverty is associated with increased psychological stress and is suggested to reduce a person's "cognitive band width." This can contribute to poor decision making which can impact their health through engagement in risky behaviours [6]. In contrast, when the case data is accumulated by the local authority area, the data did not look as convincing in relation to this.…”

Section: Socioeconomicsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…It seems that the intended benefit foreseen from these referrals would be the diagnosis of an underlying mental health condition and the prevention of a future recurrence. The impact of poverty on physical and mental well-being is well recognised, with lower incomes particularly predisposing individuals to greater risk of a mental health illness [6]. There is scarce discussion in the literature regarding an association between poverty or socioeconomic deprivation and the problem of an entrapped rectal foreign body.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rectal Foreign Bodies: Surgical Management and the Impact of Psychiatric Illness

O’Farrell¹,

Chowdhury²,

Havelka³

et al. 2022

Cureus

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BackgroundEntrapped rectal foreign bodies can be a challenge to manage and are being encountered by acute surgical teams with increasing frequency. The aims of our study were to (a) ascertain the population demographics of patients presenting with this problem in our local area of East Kent, (b) see if an association could be drawn between this presentation and proposed risk factors such as a psychiatric illness or socioeconomic deprivation, and (c) to review how foreign bodies are being removed in the East Kent Hospital University Foundation NHS Trust, United Kingdom and to highlight best practice with regards to this in line with the latest guidelines. MethodologyBetween 2017 and 2021, 32 cases of entrapped rectal foreign bodies were diagnosed and managed at our NHS Trust. Retrospective data taken from the theatre directory and electronic patient records were used to audit patient demographics, co-morbidities, the type of foreign body, and the extraction technique. ResultsThe majority of patients (90%) were male (n = 29). The patients' age ranged from 15 to 95 years, with a median age of 48 years. In total, 12 (37.5%) patients had a medical history of a psychiatric illness. The most common foreign bodies removed were sex toys or vibrators (n = 8) and roll-on deodorant bottles (n = 7). Kent Area B (n = 10) and Kent Area A (n = 9) were the areas with the highest number of cases. Twenty-two (68.8%) patients underwent examination under a general anaesthetic for removal, seven (21.8%) patients had the object manually removed without sedation, and three (9.4%) required a laparotomy with or without bowel resection. ConclusionsCases of an entrapped rectal foreign body in this local region typically involved male patients between 40 and 50 years old. A high proportion of this group had a history of a psychiatric illness supporting an association between this presentation and mental health. We have proposed some explanations for this association including the anal canal nervous system interplay with the "brain-gut axis." Lower socioeconomic status and unemployment may also be risk factors for this surgical problem. A trans-anal approach for management is successful in the majority of cases; however, almost 10% of patients required emergency surgical management. We have highlighted best practice guidelines for the investigation and management of the entrapped rectal foreign body as part of our discussion.

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How does income affect mental health and health behaviours? A quasi-experimental study of the earned income tax credit

Cited by 38 publications

References 32 publications

Employment Status and Its Association With Psychological Distress and Alcohol Consumption

Employment Status and Its Association With Psychological Distress and Alcohol Consumption

The effect of job insecurity, employment type and monthly income on depressive symptom: analysis of Korean Longitudinal Study on Aging data

Rectal Foreign Bodies: Surgical Management and the Impact of Psychiatric Illness

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