“…First, prior studies have focused on studying the determinants of firm CSR engagement via internal drive or outsider drive perspectives. For example, research studies have focused on internal drivers such as managerial compensation incentives (McGuire, Dow, & Argheyd, 2003;Deckop, Merriman, & Gupta, 2006;Fabriz, Mallin, & Michelon , 2014;Maas, 2018;Jouber, 2019), top management team (TMT) commitment (Lau, Lu, & Liang, 2016;Liao, Lin, & Zhang, 2018;McGuinness, Vieito, & Wang, 2017;Muller & Kolk, 2010), CEO ability (Yuan, Tian, Lu, & Yu, 2019), CEOs' political connections (Chin, Hambrick, & Treviño, 2013), board effectiveness (Harjoto & Jo, 2011), and firm ownership (Lau et al, 2016;McGuinness et al, 2017). On the other hand, external drivers include things like stakeholder activism (David, Bloom, & Hillman, 2007;Marquis, Glynn, & Davis, 2007) or institutional pressures (McGuinness et al, 2017).…”