How Do Tsetse Recognise Their Hosts? The Role of Shape in the Responses of Tsetse (Glossina fuscipes and G. palpalis) to Artificial Hosts

Tirados, Iñaki; Esterhuizen, Johan; Rayaissé, Jean Baptiste; Diarrassouba, Abdoulaye; Kaba, Dramane; Mpiana, Serge; Vale, G. A.; Solano, Philippe; Lehane, Michael J.; Torr, Stephen J.

doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0001226

Cited by 19 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…[35], [36], [39], [52], [53]. Landings by G. p. palpalis on the 0.25 m 2 blue-black target in Angola were not significantly different to those on either the blue-black or blue-black-blue 1 m 2 targets covered with adhesive film.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Standardising Visual Control Devices for Tsetse Flies: Central and West African Species Glossina palpalis palpalis

Kaba

Zacarie²,

M'Pondi

et al. 2014

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Background Glossina palpalis palpalis (G. p. palpalis) is one of the principal vectors of sleeping sickness and nagana in Africa with a geographical range stretching from Liberia in West Africa to Angola in Central Africa. It inhabits tropical rain forest but has also adapted to urban settlements. We set out to standardize a long-lasting, practical and cost-effective visually attractive device that would induce the strongest landing response by G. p. palpalis for future use as an insecticide-impregnated tool in area-wide population suppression of this fly across its range.Methodology/Principal FindingsTrials were conducted in wet and dry seasons in the Ivory Coast, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Angola to measure the performance of traps (biconical, monoconical and pyramidal) and targets of different sizes and colours, with and without chemical baits, at different population densities and under different environmental conditions. Adhesive film was used as a practical enumerator at these remote locations to compare landing efficiencies of devices. Independent of season and country, both phthalogen blue-black and blue-black-blue 1 m2 targets covered with adhesive film proved to be as good as traps in phthalogen blue or turquoise blue for capturing G. p. palpalis. Trap efficiency varied (8–51%). There was no difference between the performance of blue-black and blue-black-blue 1 m2 targets. Baiting with chemicals augmented the overall performance of targets relative to traps. Landings on smaller phthalogen blue-black 0.25 m2 square targets were not significantly different from either 1 m2 blue-black-blue or blue-black square targets. Three times more flies were captured per unit area on the smaller device.Conclusions/SignificanceBlue-black 0.25 m2 cloth targets show promise as simple cost effective devices for management of G. p. palpalis as they can be used for both control when impregnated with insecticide and for population sampling when covered with adhesive film.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Standardising Visual Control Devices for Tsetse Flies: Central and West African Species Glossina palpalis palpalis

Kaba

Zacarie²,

M'Pondi

et al. 2014

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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“…The efficacy of smaller 2-d devices for capturing G. swynnertoni follows a pattern recently demonstrated for a range of riverine spp. [32], [33], [35], [39]. Evidently, simple blue-black-blue or all-blue targets and all-blue leg panels of equivalent size are clearly effective in providing adequate visual stimuli to attract G. swynnertoni to land, the key behaviour that underlies the principle of insecticide-impregnated control devices and they are also less prone to wind damage because of their smaller size.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Small leg panels that deviate from large square or oblong blue-black fabric targets, [32], [20], [33], were tested as an alternative for G. swynnertoni based on their efficacy for sampling G. austeni in Zanzibar [34]. Indeed the performance of leg panels covered with insect glue was remarkably high in capturing G. swynnertoni .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Standardizing Visual Control Devices for Tsetse Flies: East African Species Glossina swynnertoni

Mramba

Oloo²,

Byamungu

et al. 2013

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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BackgroundHere we set out to standardize long-lasting, visually-attractive devices for Glossina swynnertoni, a vector of both human and animal trypanosomiasis in open savannah in Tanzania and Kenya, and in neighbouring conservation areas used by pastoralists. The goal was to determine the most practical device/material that would induce the strongest landing response in G. swynnertoni for use in area-wide population suppression of this fly with insecticide-impregnated devices.Methods and FindingsTrials were conducted in wet and dry seasons in the Serengeti and Maasai Mara to measure the performance of traps and targets of different sizes and colours, with and without chemical baits, at different population densities and under different environmental conditions. Adhesive film was used as a simple enumerator at these remote locations to compare trapping efficiencies of devices. Independent of season or presence of chemical baits, targets in phthalogen blue or turquoise blue cloth with adhesive film were the best devices for capturing G. swynnertoni in all situations, catching up to 19 times more flies than pyramidal traps. Baiting with chemicals did not affect the relative performance of devices. Fly landings were two times higher on 1 m2 blue-black targets as on pyramidal traps when equivalent areas of both were covered with adhesive film. Landings on 1 m2 blue-black targets were compared to those on smaller phthalogen blue 0.5 m2 all-blue or blue-black-blue cloth targets, and to landings on all-blue plastic 0.32–0.47 m2 leg panels painted in phthalogen blue. These smaller targets and leg panels captured equivalent numbers of G. swynnertoni per unit area as bigger targets.ConclusionsLeg panels and 0.5 m2 cloth targets show promise as cost effective devices for management of G. swynnertoni as they can be used for both control (insecticide-impregnated cloth) and for sampling (rigid plastic with insect glue or adhesive film) of populations.

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“…gambiae host-seeking activity occurred predominantly within a key area on the top surface of a protective bed net, directly above the sleeper’s head and chest. The implications and full potential of this result may not be immediately obvious, but as shown by the remarkable successes with tsetse flies [21,22], exploration of basic vector behaviour can lead to novel tools that address current and future challenges in malaria vector control [23,24]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clustering of host-seeking activity of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes at the top surface of a human-baited bed net

Lynd

McCall

2013

Malar J

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BackgroundKnowledge of the interactions between mosquitoes and humans, and how vector control interventions affect them, is sparse. A study exploring host-seeking behaviour at a human-occupied bed net, a key event in such interactions, is reported here.MethodsHost-seeking female Anopheles gambiae activity was studied using a human-baited ‘sticky-net’ (a bed net without insecticide, coated with non-setting adhesive) to trap mosquitoes. The numbers and distribution of mosquitoes captured on each surface of the bed net were recorded and analysed using non-parametric statistical methods and random effects regression analysis. To confirm sticky-net reliability, the experiment was repeated using a pitched sticky-net (tilted sides converging at apex, i.e., neither horizontal nor vertical). The capture efficiency of horizontal and vertical sticky surfaces were compared, and the potential repellency of the adhesive was investigated.ResultsIn a semi-field experiment, more mosquitoes were caught on the top (74-87%) than on the sides of the net (p < 0.001). In laboratory experiments, more mosquitoes were caught on the top than on the sides in human-baited tests (p < 0.001), significantly different to unbaited controls (p < 0.001) where most mosquitoes were on the sides (p = 0.047). In both experiments, approximately 70% of mosquitoes captured on the top surface were clustered within a 90 × 90 cm (or lesser) area directly above the head and chest (p < 0.001). In pitched net tests, similar clustering occurred over the sleeper’s head and chest in baited tests only (p < 0.001). Capture rates at horizontal and vertical surfaces were not significantly different and the sticky-net was not repellent.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that An. gambiae activity occurs predominantly within a limited area of the top surface of bed nets. The results provide support for the two-in-one bed net design for managing pyrethroid-resistant vector populations. Further exploration of vector behaviour at the bed net interface could contribute to additional improvements in insecticide-treated bed net design or the development of novel vector control tools.

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How Do Tsetse Recognise Their Hosts? The Role of Shape in the Responses of Tsetse (Glossina fuscipes and G. palpalis) to Artificial Hosts

Cited by 19 publications

References 19 publications

Standardising Visual Control Devices for Tsetse Flies: Central and West African Species Glossina palpalis palpalis

Standardising Visual Control Devices for Tsetse Flies: Central and West African Species Glossina palpalis palpalis

Standardizing Visual Control Devices for Tsetse Flies: East African Species Glossina swynnertoni

Clustering of host-seeking activity of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes at the top surface of a human-baited bed net

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